Investigating the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between marble chips and Hydrochloric acid Essay Example

Investigating the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between marble chips and Hydrochloric acid Essay In this experiment I will be investigating the reaction between different concentrations of acid and marble chips. I will be measuring the speed and rate of which gas is given off. I know that the gas given off will be carbon dioxide and that the reaction will be as follows:Calcium Carbonate + Hydrochloric Acid Calcium Chloride + Water + Carbon DioxideOrCaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H2O + CO2On the left are the reactants. These are the chemicals that I will start off with. On the right are the products. These are what will be produced at the end of the experiment. Reactants and products are very rarely the same, as they react with one another to form other things. There will always be the same number of atoms in the products as there are in the reactants though, as none can be dragged in, or left out.VariablesIn this experiment I am going to change the concentration of Hydrochloric acid. I will use 2M Hydrochloric acid as 100% concentration. Here is a table to show all of the concentrations I am planning on using, and how much acid and water to put into the conical flask. It also states how strong the acid is in M.Concentration (%)MolarHydrochloric acid (ml)Water (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)1002.0200901.8182801.6164701.4146601.2128501.01010I will then investigate the difference in speed of which the gas is given off, over a two minute period. I will take measurements every 10 seconds.Preliminary WorkBefore this experiment, I decided which size of marble chips to use from the sizes available. The different sizes of marbles chips had an average diameter of: large-1.5cm, medium-1cm, or small-0.5cm. After a short experiment which included putting 3 of each size, in turn, into a conical flask, with hydrochloric acid in. I then measured the amount of gas that came off using the same technique as I used in the final experiment. I then noticed that the small marble chips produced gas so slowly that it would have been hard to accurately measure the amount of carbon dioxide given off. The large marble chips, however, gave off carbon dioxide too fast. Therefore I decided to use the medium sized marble chips. This is because 3 large marble chips have a greater area than 3 small marble chips, so more hydrochloric acid can get to the large marble chips, so more particles collide, resulting in more gas being produced faster.PredictionI predict that the higher the concentration of acid, the faster gas will be given off.I also predict that the gas will be given off twice as fast with 100% concentration than it will with 50% concentration, because their would be twice as many hydrochloric acid molecules to hit each other, so the molecules will collide twice as often.ApparatusIn this investigation I will use:A conical flaskA gas delivery tubeA margarine tubA measuring cylinderA clampA stopwatchMarble chipsHydrochloric acidWaterDiagramMethod- First, I will gather all of the equipment listed on the previous page.- I will then make up my concentration of acid and put it into the conical flask.- Next, I will fill the margarine tub between 1/2 and 3/4 full.- I will then fill the measuring cylinder full of water, and tip it upside down in the margarine tub, ensuring that as little air as possible gets in.- The measuring cylinder will then be secured upright using the clamp.- Then, I will put 5 marble chips, of roughly equal surface area, into the acid.- I will then put the bung of the gas delivery tube into the water in the margarine tub.- When the gas begins to bubble out of the end of the tube, I will place it under the measuring cylinder to collect the gas.- At the same time as the previous step, I will set the stopwatch going.- I will then, note the amount of gas collected every 10 seconds.- I will then repeat the experiment as many times as need be, using different concentrations of acid.Measurements to be TakenIn this investigation I will be measuring the amount and rate that carbon dioxide is produced, when marble chips (calcium carbonate) are put into hydrochloric acid of varying strengths. I am going to test each concentration 3 times to make sure that the investigation is fair, and will then work out averages, rates of production, gradients etc.I will measure the amount of carbon dioxide in cubic centimetres, and will take measurements every 10 seconds. I will be collecting the gas using a measuring cylinder that has been upturned in a margarine tub between 1/2 and 3/4 full of water.Fair TestsTo make this investigation fair, I will be using the same amount of marble chips, and will ensure that they have roughly the same surface area. I will do this because if I used marble chips which had different surface areas then more acid would be able to reach the marble so more gas would be given off in less time.I will also take measurements as soon as possible after the gas starts to comeout of the tube. This is because as the marble chips dissolve into the acid their surface area gets smaller, resulting in gas being given off slower. I also tried to keep the temperature about the same throughout the experiment. This is because with more heat energy the particles will gain more energy, and therefore move faster. If the particles move faster, there will be more collisions and therefore the reaction will take place faster.I also kept the time between measurements the same. If I had waited 12 seconds instead of 10 for one of the measurements, the amount of gas measured would not be a true measurement. Therefore, I used a stopwatch to measure time.SafetyTo help make this experiment safe I will wear goggles at all times during the experiment or whilst others are doing the experiment near me. This is so that if for any reason acid gets splashed at me, it will not go in my eyes. If acid did get in my eyes it could damage them.I will also stand up whilst doing the experiment because if acid gets spilled, I will be able to get out of the way quickly so that it doesnt get on me or my clothes. If I was sitting down it would be harder for me to stop the acid from getting onto me.If I spill any acid onto me I will rinse the area under the tap, to get the acid off. I would need to do this because hydrochloric acid is corrosive and therefore would hurt or even damage me.I will not run or mess about in the laboratory in case I spill acid, which would cause a safety hazard for the same reason as above.The concentrations of acid I am using in this experiment are so weak that it doesnt really matter too much if I do come into contact with it. I will still carry out the safety precautions however, so that there is no possible danger.Section 2: ObtainingResults TableMy results tables are at the end.Section 3: AnalysisAnalysisFrom my results I can see that generally as the acid that I used got weaker, the less gas was produced. This is shown by the fact that with 100% concentration of acid I measured an average of 69.67cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of carbon dioxide, the average gradually decreases apart from at 70% where it i ncreases, but from then onwards goes steadily down.In the 100% concentration test, where I used 2M Hydrochloric acid, the volume of gas had increased by about 6, 10 seconds after the last measurement. With the 90% concentration test, I have decided to ignore the first set of measurements because I feel that they are not accurate. Therefore I have remade the table as follows:A table of results for 100% concentration of hydrochloric acid, excluding the first repetetionTime (s)Repetition 2 (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Repetition 3 (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)Average amount of gas measured (cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½)0000.0010375.0020798.0030101211.0040151716.0050182119.5060212523.0070252927.0080283431.0090313834.50100344238.00110384541.50120414945.00I can see from this that the amount of gas measured goes up by about 4 cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ every 10 seconds.During the 80% test the gas produced increases by about 3cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ every 10 seconds.In the 70% concentration test the gas produced increases by about 4cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ eve ry 10 seconds, this is strange because, logically it should increase by less than the 80% concentration test. By surveying the other results and the patterns that have emerged from them I would estimate that it should have increased by 2cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ every 10 seconds instead of by 4cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. I think that this has happened because the marble chips were probably larger. This is explained in more detail under the section entitled Anomalous ResultsIn the rest of the tests the rate that carbon dioxide is given off, seems to level off at about 3-4cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ every 10 seconds.ConclusionFrom this investigation I have learned that if an acid is concentrated it is more reactive. Being more reactive means that for instance, in this experiment, more carbon dioxide is produced and at a faster rate. If the acid were less reactive the reaction would take place slower, therefore less carbon dioxide would be produced overall, and at a slower rate.Proving the PredictionOn the whole, my pred iction was more or less right. As the acid got weaker, the amount of gas produced, decreased, apart from at the 70% concentration, where it instantaneously increased. This was probably caused by using marble chips that had a larger surface area to the ones I had been using before. This was due to the fact that I had to slightly adjust the size of the marble chips I was using, as there were no more marble chips that were the same size as the ones that I had been using previously. To get avoid this problem I could have used specially prepared marble chips, that had a fixed surface area, such as 1cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ cubes. This would have increased accuracy, but would also have increased the cost of the investigation by quite a lot.I also predicted though that there would twice as much gas produced with 100% concentration than there would have been with 50% concentration. This was nearly right as the average volume of gas produced with 100% concentration was 69.67cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and the volu me of gas produced with 50% concentration was only 29.33cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½. Rounded up to the nearest whole number these work out at about 2.5 times more gas produced. I think that this is near enough to my prediction.Section 4: EvaluationEvaluation of EvidenceI do not think that all of my results are reliable. There seems to be major differences between some of the results, for instance the first repetition of the 90% concentration test, produced carbon dioxide at higher rate than that of the 100% concentration test. It also has a higher overall volume than the 100% concentration test and is double that of the other repetitions.I also do not think that the 70% and 60% results are reliable because they both have a larger overall volume of gas produced than the 80% test.Anomalous ResultsDuring this investigation I did get some strange results. In the first version of the 90% concentration, overall more carbon dioxide was produced than in any of the 100% concentrations. This should not ha ve happened because the acid was weaker so the reaction should have taken longer. The reaction took longer in all of the other repetitions, so why did it take longer in this case?There are several reasons why this could have happened. These are: That the acid could have been stronger; or the surface area of the marble chips could have been bigger. The first of these is hard to justify, but could have happened if by accident more acid than was supposed to be put in was put in. This could have happened but it is impossible that the acid was more than 100% concentration, which it would have needed to be in order to produce more gas than the 100% concentration experiment. This only leaves the second explanation: That the surface area of the chips was larger.This could have been for any reason, such as: The marble chips were larger than in the other tests; more marble chips than should have been put in, were put in; or maybe that one of the marble chips had a crack in. I would guess that more marble chips were put in, although it could have been because of any of the other reasons. From the fact that almost twice as much gas was collected in the first repetition, I would say that either 2 lots of marble chips were put in by accident, or the marble chips from the last test (the 3rd repetition of the 100% concentration test) were still in the conical flask.To stop this happening again, if I did another investigation, would be to always check that the experiment has been set up correctly with the right quantities and concentrations of everything.Also the average volumes of gas with the 70%, and 60% concentrations of acid, are higher than that of the 80% concentration test. This should not have happened because the acid should have been weaker. This was probably caused by using marble chips that had a larger surface area to the ones I had been using before. This meant that there was more marble for the acid to react with, and therefore produced more gas.In order to sto p this happening, if I did the experiment again I could use marble chips which all have exactly the same surface area. This would increase accuracy but unfortunately make the investigation to expensive to carry out, as the marble chips would probably have to be specially prepared.Evaluation of MethodI think that my method worked quite well, although next time I would use marble chips with a set surface area. This would improve the accuracy of the investigation. Also I would check to make sure that the experiment was set up properly with the right amounts of the chemicals and substances that I was using. I would do this to ensure my results were accurate.Is the Conclusion Valid?I think that my conclusion is valid because my colleagues all had pretty much the same sort of results.ResultsAll of the units in the following tables are in cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, apart from the units in the Time columns which are in seconds

Essay Questions For College Admissions

Essay Questions For College AdmissionsSome college admissions officers are notorious for having very specific essay writing requirements. If you want to appear in the top 1% of applicants, you need to have all of your essay points covered!You may be wondering what sort of essay questions for college admissions, the admissions officer is looking for. If this is the case, then your answer could be a bit more interesting than most people think. It is not that he or she has a hard time writing; it is that they want to know your true personality and true motivations.Every college admission officer is looking for an individual with the ability to express himself or herself in a way that is specific to his or her potential college. Many of the essay questions for college admissions ask if you have ever felt really driven to succeed. You should have gone to school for whatever purpose you were in college, and you should still feel that way today.Your admission essay will answer one of the bi ggest questions the college admission officer will ask you. Most college essays tell the admissions officer about how you are personally connected to the school or what the school means to you. This is an essential question and you should consider this as your essay points the door to college.If you are using the time before your admission interview to consider what kind of school you would like to attend, then the admissions officer will be looking for the type of school you are looking for. Some schools will choose their students by the availability of the seats, while others choose their students based on the general student body. If you want to attend a prestigious school, then this is one of the points you need to cover on your admissions essay.You should also consider how the admissions officer will look at your personal traits and whether they seem to match with those of your potential college. Do you have the skills, talent, and passion to succeed in your chosen field? Or do you feel you are just going to be another drop in the bucket that doesn't mean anything? Do you have any talent but don't think you will be good enough to succeed in college?All of these questions are great points for your admissions essay. They show that you are willing to put your best foot forward and that you have something to offer. If you come across as difficult to understand, this may be another reason for your rejection, so remember to work on your essay to make it short and to the point.Being selected for the admissions interview is a wonderful thing, but you need to use every opportunity to help yourself out! The truth is, there are several essays that almost everyone could write, so any college admissions officer will be very quick to pick up on your qualities and ensure you do not get rejected.

Political Science Research Paper Topics - Use Examples in Writing Research Papers

Political Science Research Paper Topics - Use Examples in Writing Research PapersThere are a number of different reasons for using political science research paper topics, but the one thing that they all have in common is that they enable you to develop ideas that may not be able to be expressed in a more conventional manner. Political scientists love to think out there and they don't have any difficulty expressing their ideas in a variety of ways, so it's important to think outside the box.Political scientists study all sorts of issues in politics and they look at different points in history, including world events, elections, and, of course, trends. Some of their ideas are useful for understanding the way people in the future will behave or thinking about the long-term implications of current events. Other political scientists look at very short-term political issues, such as who will win a particular election or even how they will be elected, and how they will govern.Political sci entists need to have some idea of what kind of statements will be considered on exams or papers, so they will need to focus on ideas that are likely to get them through unscathed. Many of the examples they use can be quite vague and contain quite a lot of speculation. That is why they also need to use examples that are carefully chosen. The one area where they have a good deal of leeway is when it comes to making statements about existing politics, because they can make some statements about how things will change.When it comes to choosing political science research paper topics that are very general in nature, you will need to pay particular attention to the language used. If you write an article with the right tone, then it will be easier for your students to understand. If they start to question the facts, then they will assume that you are deliberately trying to mislead them and they won't be able to remember the real points.It's usually a good idea to use just one example for e ach political science research paper topics that you write. This is because it is easy to lose sight of one of the factors that makes examples so effective, so don't try to do too much. Try to keep it simple and make sure that the examples you use are actually applicable. A good political science research paper topics description example will show you how to apply specific principles to specific situations.One thing that you should never do is start to explain each example that you use for political science research paper topics because it is important to concentrate on giving examples of the information that you are trying to convey. Any time you make a statement that relates to other factors, it's a false premise. What you need to do is to make a statement that is related to more than one factor and then offer examples to illustrate the point. For example, if you talk about government subsidies, then you could also refer to policies that were introduced to avoid credit defaults.An other thing that you need to remember when you are writing political science research paper topics is that you can't really prove your points unless you have evidence to back them up. In other words, you need to show that the various examples you are using are correct. If you are offering an example and it is proven to be incorrect, then you can be sure that the example will be used in a way that supports your point of view. Otherwise, the audience will have to accept that the example that you have presented to them is actually true.When it comes to writing political science research paper topics, there are a number of rules that you need to follow. Don't get hung up on details and try to make the most of the options available to you. If you follow these rules, then you will be able to demonstrate the information that you are presenting to your audience.

Essay About College Writing Skills - When Will You Need to Write One?

Essay About College Writing Skills - When Will You Need to Write One?If you're like most college students, you will probably get an essay about college writing skills. In fact, for many students, they may not get one at all.Writing your college essay is quite different from writing an essay for high school or any other type of college. Even if you have previously written essays at the high school level, you are likely to find this essay quite challenging. The biggest reason for this is that there are more syllabuses and assignments than in previous years.It can be even more difficult when you have an essay about college writing skills. Because many essays are required to go through certain stages in order to receive a grade, having an essay that doesn't meet the requirements can make it harder to get into college. However, there are still some things you can do to help yourself prepare.One of the best ways to prepare for an essay about the college writing skills is to read several go od essay topics. This is because some topics require advanced writing skills, such as some ones dealing with sports or mathematics. This doesn't mean you won't have a chance to have fun writing about these topics, just that you may want to focus on the topic you have the most experience with.Reading about a good essay topic can help you understand what kind of essay you'll need to write. This is especially true if you don't have any experience with that topic. However, this should also help you get prepared by increasing your knowledge about the topic.You may find that this increase in knowledge is enough to help you write an essay about college writing skills. As with anything else, there is always something you can learn in order to improve your abilities. Many people know what they will need to do but it's difficult to do these things without the proper resources. Even if you don't have a course or book to go to to get more information, you can look online for more information.If you're like most college students, you may not have had a lot of practice writing essays about college writing skills. But there are lots of courses available online that help you prepare for your college essay. This is especially helpful when you're preparing for a major that has essays about the topic.