Understanding Schizophrenia - Free Essay Example

Abstract Schizophrenia knows no bounds and often comes unannounced. It cuts across all peoples of the worldvarious cultures, age, gender and socioeconomic strata. It causes a lot of difficulty, chaos, and confusion to both the one suffering it and all involved in a close relationship with this individual. Sometimes it lies dormant for a period and at other times, its episodes suddenly resurface. Schizophrenics are unable to perform simple activities of daily life such as preparing meals to taking a bath, etc. This illness continues to boggle the minds of the sufferer, his family, friends, worldwide psychiatrists, psychologists, researchers, and so many more. Introduction In this paper, I will discuss Schizophrenia with the intention of giving the reader more insight to this illness that remains a puzzle. I will present a definition of Schizophrenia, some signs, and symptoms, causes including susceptibility, the process of diagnosis, as well as treatment options. According to the World Health Organization, Schizophrenia is a mental illness affecting millions of people in the world today. In the United States alone, the illness affects an estimated 2.4 million adults. What is Schizophrenia? Schizophrenia can be defined as a chronic, highly complex mental disorder characterized by a distortion of the mind whereby an individuals general way of life becomes altered with respect to his thought process, actions, feelings, and general perception of the reality of life and people surrounding. The behavioral display of schizophrenia is portrayed by a blatant loss of touch with reality which psychiatrists refer to as psychosis, while the individual suffering from schizophrenia is said to be psychotic. The individual does not always display the same behavior; thus, it differs inexplicably amongst various individuals and is unpredictable. That is the reason it is said about the medications and treatment options for Schizophrenia, that not one size fits all. The term Schizophrenia was coined by Eugen Bleuler (1857-1939), a Swiss psychiatrist. According to Hooley et al. (2017), In 1911, Bleuer used schizophrenia (from the Greek roots of sxizo, pronounced schizo and meaning to split or crack, and phren, meaning mind) because he believed the condition was characterized primarily by disorganization of thought processes, a lack of coherence between thought and emotion, and an inward orientation away (split off) from reality. Although the term is often thought to reflect a Jekyll and Hyde split personality, this is a major misconception. The splitting does not refer to multiple personalities (an entirely different form of disorder, now called dissociative identity disorder). Instead, in schizophrenia there is a split within the intellect, between the intellect and emotion, and between the intellect and external reality. Signs and Symptoms of Schizophrenia The common signs and symptoms of a schizophrenic individual is marked by a strange and outlandish mode of thought, words, actions, feelings and general perception. Having said that, some of the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia include but are not limited to reduced cognitive ability, bizarre dressing and appearances, spontaneous, incoherent speech and body movements, hallucinations, hearing voices, withdrawal, isolation, paranoia, utter distrust and suspicion of everything and everyone, irrespective of how familiar the people, situations, and surroundings have always been. Such behaviors inevitably result in difficulties within their relationships (family, friends, coworkers, and all). Due to the paranoia, they harbor unreasonable beliefs about their family and loved ones. It increasingly becomes almost impossible to reason with them because they are incapable of thinking rationally. Other signs and symptoms include being extremely argumentative, having uncanny attitudes and delus ional thoughts, unnecessary anger and intense conversations which could lead to violence and irrational behavior, irritability, confusion, and being quick to accuse others of lying against them or wanting to hurt them. With respect to Parks, schizophrenia is uncommon among children under the age of 13. When it does happen, it often starts out gradually with the child losing interest in activities or friends, deterioration of school grades, lethargy, and the exhibition of odd behaviors such as running out of the house naked or talking strangely about being poisoned or expressing distrust in their parents. In the case of the elderly, due to other complications of behaviors associated with aging, psychologists and other experts alike tend to dismiss schizophrenia in the elderly. Not to say that schizophrenia in the aforementioned age groups is absent, but it is rare and understudied. Research shows that both men and women are affected by schizophrenia, however men seem to be slightly more affected. Causes of Schizophrenia There is no single maintained cause of schizophrenia. The cause of schizophrenia is multi-factorial. Some of the common causes are as follows: Genetics Though genes predispose a person to schizophrenia, they are not solely responsible for the illness. Having a close relative with the illness certainly increases ones chances of diagnosis whereas in the absence of a family history about 1% of the adult population stands the risk of having schizophrenia. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the highest risk occurs when an identical twin is diagnosed with schizophrenia. The unaffected twin has a roughly 50% chance of developing the disorder. Research also shows that children born to fathers who are 50 years or older, are about three more susceptible to developing schizophrenia eventually. Prenatal conditions According to Langwith (2011), maternal pre-birth malnutrition, exposure to certain viruses especially in the first and second trimesters has been known to elevate the risk of schizophrenia. Other prenatal conditions include lack of oxygen, traumatic labor and delivery, which can damage the babys brain. Brain chemistryParks (2011) mentions that schizophrenia occurs as a result of inexplicable defective brain chemistry. Certain brain chemicals, as well as neurotransmitters like dopamine and glutamate, may contribute to schizophrenia. Substance use Research proves that the ingestion of mind-altering drugs in the teenagers and young adults serve to elevate the risk of schizophrenia. According to the National Institute of Mental Health, A growing body of evidence indicates that smoking marijuana increases the risk of psychotic incidents and the risk of ongoing psychotic experiences. The younger and more frequent the use, the greater the risk. Another study has found that smoking marijuana led to earlier onset of schizophrenia and often preceded the manifestation of the illness. Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Using the DSM 5 Criteria as a diagnostic tool for schizophrenia is highly recommended because as Parks (2011), mentions, Schizophrenia can be challenging for mental health professionals to diagnose. She further explains that the reason being that its symptoms are very similar to those of various mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder, which constitutes severe mood swings and depression. Schizophrenia in teenagers is especially difficult to diagnose, as the National Institute of Mental Health explains: This is because the first signs can include a change of friends, a drop in grades, sleep problems, and irritabilitybehaviors that are common among teens. With respect to Parks (2011), prior to the diagnosis, a complete physical examination with blood work is necessary to rule out the possibility of any medical condition. The physician orders a series of tests to check for medically related problems such as neurological conditions, thyroid problems, hypoglycemia, kidney disease, or substance abuse. There is no single physical or lab test that can detect schizophrenia. As soon as medical conditions have been ruled out, a psychiatrist takes over and will usually conduct a complete mental status workup. Such an assessment constitutes observance of the patients behavior for at least 6 months, as well as interviewing family members to gather information relating to the circumstances that led to the problem at hand. As mentioned earlier, the DSM 5 Criteria for schizophrenia is ideal. A person must have two or more of the following symptoms during a 1-month period: Delusions Hallucinations Disorganized speech Disorganized or catatonic behavior Negative symptoms such as a reduction or absence of emotional expression It is important to note that cultural bias often play a part in the under-diagnosis of individuals. Peoples of different cultures will explain things differently. African Americans and Latinos are often under-diagnosed. It is therefore helpful for individuals to locate providers that understand their culture and thought process, in order to avoid being under-diagnosed or overlooked. Treating Schizophrenia Unfortunately, there is no cure for schizophrenia. Nevertheless, it can be successfully managed. Due to the stigma associated with schizophrenia, many individuals do not seek or complete therapy. Relapse prevention and reduction of symptoms is the goal of proposed treatment, however, of the ones that seek treatment, many do not follow through with the treatment recommendations. Antipsychotic medication and psychotherapy are highly effective and remain the primary treatment for schizophrenia. Recent studies show that cognitive behavioral therapy also produces great results. Bollas (2016), a psychoanalyst employs the therapeutic method of free talk. According to Bollas (2016), Many psychotic patients will refuse to discuss their hallucinations or report exactly what the voices have said to them. But if helped to associate or free talk, as I like to call it then they, like anyone else, will begin to reveal threads of thought that are preoccupying them In addition, talking about everyday reality instead of struggling with their internal disturbance feels anchoring and safe. When they realize, in time, that they are nevertheless disclosing their thoughts, they may have an initial paranoid reaction, but generally they then discover that this is a mental process that is not harming them; indeed, it is generative and can be nourishing. Bollas (2016) promotes a more basic method of compassionate, natural body therapies like daily massages and methodical interpersonal communication, which he terms free talk, between the psychotherapist and patient. Despite the success stories using his unique methods shared in his book, many other professionals disregard the unique perspectives and treatment alternatives of Bolla (2016). Conclusion In conclusion, the causes or roots of Schizophrenia have still not been fully understood. There is no cure for it. Early intervention, just as Bolla(2016) believes, may be the major component to combating schizophrenia. He mentions in his book When the Sun Bursts: The Enigma of Schizophrenia that if the family of a teenage schizophrenic bring him to psychotherapy consistently, about five times weekly prior to the outbreak of a complete schizophrenic breakdown, then there is the possibility that the schizophrenia can be corrected, and the teenager can live a normal life. Ongoing research continues to gradually attempt to unravel the web that seems to surround this complex mental illness called schizophrenia. Nevertheless, painful as the case may be, we will simply have to wait for time to tell. Reference Bollas, C. (2016). When the sun bursts. New Haven London: Yale Univ Press. Hooley, J. M., Butcher, J. N., Nock, M. K., Mineka, S. (2017). Abnormal psychology. Boston: Pearson Education. Langwith, J. (2011). Perspectives on diseases and disorders: Schizophrenia. Detroit: Greenhaven Press. National Alliance on Mental Illness. (2008, June). Schizophrenia. Retrieved December 7, 2018 from https://www.nami.org/Learn-More/Mental-Health-Conditions/Schizophrenia Parks, P. J. (2011). Schizophrenia. San Diego, CA: ReferencePoint Press. Zuckerman Institute (2018, December 5). Friend or Foe? Brain Area That Controls Social Memory Also Triggers Aggression. NeuroscienceNews. Retrieved December 5, 2018 from https://neurosciencenews.com/social-memory-aggression-10307/

Assisted Suicide Is A Big Topic Right Now - 1629 Words

The subject of this paper is assisted suicide. Assisted suicide is a big topic right now, and one that I personally feel strongly about. Assisted suicide is the idea that if a person has a terminal illness, they should have the right to forgo treatment if they feel it will make their remaining time worse. They are given a pill that will end their life when their illness gets to be too much. This is such a hot topic currently because of Brittany Maynard, who passed away November 1st. Maynard was a 29 year old from California, who moved to Oregon in order to be able to choose assisted suicide. Maynard had terminal brain cancer, and didn’t want to spend the few months she had left on earth undergoing treatments, which would basically cause her massive amounts of pain and take her last remaining months away from her and her family. When reading this, the first question I had, and the first question I will be addressing in this paper, was where this idea had come from. What was the history of people forgoing medical treatment in favor of taking their own lives? Another question, the more pressing, was why should this be illegal? Why shouldn’t people whose lives are without a doubt going to end be given a say in how and when their stories end. The history of assisted suicide is surprisingly long. It finds its roots in the 5th century B.C., when Ancient Greeks and Romans supported the practice. While they didn’t necessary have a strong belief in the value of human life, theyShow MoreRelatedAssisted Suicide Should Not Be Illegal1655 Words   |  7 Pageshelp of assisted suicide. And the question is should we control it or let people decide at their own risk how they want their last days to be? In this paper we will look at what the common law ,model penal code ,and state codes and statutes have to say. We will also look at some controversial but substantial cases that make assisted suicide legal in some states. 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Euthanasia is an ongoing topic in religions throughout the world and each carries their own personal beliefs on the topic. In order to understand how the different Abrahamic religious beliefs vary on this controversial topic it is important to understand euthanasia; and understand with all the developments in medical technologies, the true meaning ofRead MorePhysician Assisted Suicide: A Controversial Topic1566 Words   |  6 PagesPhysician Assisted Suicide has become an enormous debate across the world. It was originally thought to be entirely cruel and immoral, but, as time has passed and medical ethics have been considered, it has slowly gained acceptance. Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS) is a legitimate option for those suffering from painful terminal illnesses. It allows the patient who is suffering to have a choice in the matter of their life, which is valuable when someone is in such a vulnerable place. Legally

The Debate For Comprehensive Sex Education - 1212 Words

The Debate for Comprehensive Sex Education Across the United States of America there is wide spread support for abstinence-only education. A majority of states require that abstinence-only education be the only form of sexual health education provided, or requires that abstinence be stressed above other forms of sexual education. These highly stressed abstinence-only programs are under fire as research comes out against the efficiency of these programs, and as new forms of sexual health education appear. These new programs teach that abstinence is the best method for avoiding sexually transmitted diseases and unintended pregnancy, but also teaches about using contraceptives to reduce the risks of contracting sexually transmitted diseases, and/or the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. These programs also teach interpersonal skills to allow students to explore their inner selves. Not surprisingly, it is comprehensive sex education programs which help adolescents remain healthy and avoid negative sexual health outcomes. Since the col onial times of the United States of America, religious institutions have played a major role in providing a variety of social services to the masses. Religious institutions were able to provide these services independently from the government for most of the history of the United States. It wasn’t until recent decades, that there have been faith based organizations partnering with the United States government to provide the public with sexual healthShow MoreRelated Education Is Key: A Comprehensive Approach to Sex Education Essay1579 Words   |  7 PagesSex education is about informing students about sex so that they can make educated decisions when the time comes to have sex. Sex education helps students protect themselves from unintended pregnancies, STDs, and HIV/AIDS. 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WhileRead MoreShould Sex Education Be Taught?1553 Words   |  7 Pageschildren get the proper education they need so they are aware and are able to protect themselves. The way sex education should be taught is debated among parents, educators, religious groups, and society. Some people believe in abstinence only curriculum while others believe a comprehensive curriculum is more effective. Values, beliefs, and funds can affect how students are being taught. It is important that we pick a curriculum that works best for the students. Sex education can vary in what theyRead MoreSex Education And Comprehensive Sexual Education1609 Words   |  7 PagesLet s talk about sex. Stances on comprehensive sexual education vary, whether it be from religious beliefs or past experiences, different views are held throughout. It is in the interests of society in general... for every secondary school pupil to be in receipt of sexual education† (Cumper 16). 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There are several questions when it comes to approaching sex ed in schools. These questions include: appropriate age for introducing sex ed; should sex ed be mandatory or optional; and whether sex ed programs should be comprehensive or abstinence-based. Sex ed is a necessary subject to teach in schools. It should be appropriate to the grade level and taught in a k nowledgeable, unbiased manner.Read MoreA Study On Sex Education1081 Words   |  5 Pagesbook Teaching, Sex, sex education first appeared in 1913 when Chicago public schools instituted a lecture series for girls and, separately boys, on â€Å"physiology, moral hygiene, and venereal disease†. Americans have viewed adolescent sexuality as an impulse to be controlled, or better, repressed. Sex education has mainly aimed at saving teenage girls from having early sex, and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Alfred Kinsey discovered that girls and boys started having sex at younger ages

Advertising A Safe Haven For Children - 1860 Words

Children are targets who advertisers and major companies aim because of the massive influence they have in their parents’ spending trends. Advertisers have noted how effective advertising is to children and have spent nearly twelve billion dollars a year directly marketing products to young children. Everywhere children go, they are bombarded by a constant stream of advertisements in every aspect of their young lives. Advertisements stalk children in any setting, whether it in the comfort of their homes or in schools, with the objective of polluting their minds with the images companies try to convey. Instead of being a safe haven for children, home and school have become the catalyst locations for many advertisers to spread their influence.. Children cannot avoid ads by going home or going to school since it is forced upon them, so advertisers take advantage by putting commercials on television after school and by sponsoring school programs during the day as marketing ploys. What marketers fail to realize in their efforts to make money is the physical and psychological consequences these advertisements have on children. Many of the products advertised by the media play on a child’s developing psyche, which could result in harmful effects in a developing personality and self-image. It takes advantage of a child’s inability to differentiate between a commercial and the persuasive intent in the message. It is pitting intelligent MBA-titled adults against the incrediblyShow MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking : The United States1250 Words   |  5 PagesWhere does your mind wander when someone talks about child trafficking? Do you think of children from third world countries being kidnapped or sold into the black market of human trafficking? Most of us probably think of human trafficking as being an issue that poor countries just have but, that isn’t the case. Human trafficking is alive and sadly thriving in the United States. According to Tr afficking Source Center, 5,544 cases of human trafficking were reported in the United States in 2015. WithRead MoreHealth Law and Regulations Paper1416 Words   |  6 Pagesmedical industry advertising. This form of spending would bring costs down. The purpose of this paper is to take a closer look at the health care regulatory agency, The Center for Disease Control. The Center for Disease Control creates tools to protect the health of people. They educate on prevention of disease, injury and disability. They work on preparing the public for new health threats. They detect and investigate health problems; conduct research to enhance prevention; foster safe and healthfulRead MoreSex Trafficking And Sexual Trafficking1744 Words   |  7 PagesSex trafficking, particularly that of children, has become a growing concern in the United States over the past several decades (Kotrla, 2010). 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And it was thanks to these neighborhoods and all those living within that helped Moises GutierrezRead MoreNew Law : Security Enforcement Practices1741 Words   |  7 Pagesshooting will continue to drive other’s to replicate such ruthless behavior. It is mindboggling to evaluate rhetorical research that states that many schools are no longer ‘safe havens’ from violence whether the shots are fired by student gangs and or drug dealers, a demented outsider who targeted a playground full of children or a psychologically distressed being deciding to end the lives of others for the sake of revenge. Haven’t we learned from these massacres that it is in our duty to take actionRead MoreSof-a-Logue Unit 2 Ip Script Mky6511817 Words   |  8 Pagesand how are they approached? The easiest way to ensure a business in the future is to constantly create new customers (Winer amp; Dhar, 2011). By focusing on next generation, children and young adults, we do just that. 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The Civil War Was The Freedom Of African Americans

Admittedly -------------. argued that yes slavery may have been apart of what caused the civil war but, it was only a small portion of what was the bigger picture. However, issues of the economy, sectional division, and moral oppression upon slaves was essentially a key role. Hence the primary cause for the civil war was the freedom of African Americans. During the early 19th century, the United States experienced very huge cultural changes as well as facing various â€Å"political crisis†. The feeling of nationalism no longer existed within the country, sectionalism became a major issue not only in American society but, within its government and it’s political parties. Rather than identifying as a nation, a whole, various parts of the†¦show more content†¦The Erie Canal constructed in 1825 linked Lake Erie with the Hudson River in Albany, this then connected to the Atlantic Ocean. With access to the Atlantic Ocean the U.S could then trade with foreign countries. As these new developments occurred the distinct sections of the country grew further apart. The north took on the industrial way of life, large cities emerged as more people began to migrate to the U.S. as well as within it. The population continuously increase,this part of the country appeared to be crowded. The north seemed to be doing well with its new practices, on the other hand the south was developing quite differently. The geography of the south allowed a different type of development, really the continuance of the traditional farming/plantation systems, though, the south did take on new developments in technology . Production of these plantations require the use of African American slaves, these slaves maintain the fields and help to produce staple crops that were essential to their economy, cash crops like tobacco, and â€Å"King cotton† helped to shape southern society. Around 1793 when slavery was starting to die out the cotton gin was created, this changed the game for plantation/slave owners. Invented by Eli Whitney, the cotton gin separated seeds f rom the cotton, this crop became very popular and slavery more than doubled. After that, slavery stayed persistent in the south even though various parts of the country had abolished, or prohibited

Internal and Outsourced Information Technology-Free-Samples

Question: Discuss about the Advantages and Disadvantages of Outsourcing Business Functions. Answer: Introduction Outsourcing is an allocation of particular business process to a specialist external service provider. Many a times, the organizations are failed to handle all aspects of a business process internally. Moreover, some techniques are temporary and the organization does not intend to hire in-house professional to implement the tasks. When the task is outsourced to the service provider, the service provider will take the responsibility of performing the tasks as well as maintaining organizations assets. The existing studies indicate that outsourcing is a known practice among both private and public organizations and it is treated as the major aspect of business strategy. As put forward by Tayauova (2012), the process of the outsourcing can be looked upon as the strategic move among the business. The authors claim that this technique could attempt and decrease the total cost of maintaining or maximizing the productivity. The studies indicate that outsourcing could allow the organization to focus on the fundamental activities of the business. For last two decades, the researchers have supported this phenomenon as one of the significant ways for minimizing the cost; nonetheless, the total impact of this practice remains explained conundrum. In order to conduct the literature review, some specific journals on outsourcing have been selected. However, this selection has been done based on the theme found in the literature. As put forward by Liu and Wang (2014), the outsourcing usually known as offshoring carries some advantages and disadvantages but in most of the cases, the benefit overshadow the drawbacks of outsourcing. The existing studies have discussed about the following advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. Swiftness and Expertise-In many cases, the business activities are outsourced to vendors who are specialized in their field. The outsourced vendors also have some particular equipments as well as technical expertise, which are better than those at the outsourcing organization are. Hence, the business activities are effectively completed with a better quality in short time. Focus on the core instead of the supporting ones- Outsourcing the supporting processes provides the organization with more time to strengthen their fundamental business process. This means the organization could outsource its supporting services, and put special attention to fundamental aspects of the business. Risk-Sharing- As put forward by Dolgui and Proth (2013) one of the significant factors determining the consequence of an organization is risk-analysis. This means outsourcing certain aspects of the business process helps the organization to shift some particular responsibilities to outsourced vendors. Hence, the outsourced vendor is a specialist, they could develop the plan of risk mitigating the factors more effectively. Minimized operational and recruitment costs- It is observed that outsourcing elude the need to hire individuals in-house, here recruitment and operational costs can be reduced to a large extent (Jensen 2012). This is one of the significant advantages of offshore outsource. Disadvantages of outsourcing- The studies claim that the major disadvantages of outsourcing are the managerial control over the outsourced operations, threat to security, confidentiality, hidden cost, quality issue as well as reallocation of the existing team. In this context, Sass and Fifekova (2011) commented that the major disadvantage is related to the loss of control over the outsourced operation stems from the reason that manage the external source needed for particular skills. On the other side, Nassimbeni, Sartor and Dus (2012) commented that almost every outsourcing contract has the terms of security as well as the confidentiality; however, the implementation and the audit always remain difficult. Particularly, in financial services, the requirements keep information known to investment bankers away from the traders, brokers and other individuals who try to use such insider information. The studies have discussed that outsourcing organization will be motivated by profits. As the contracts will fix the pr ice, a significant way for business organization to increase profit is to decrease the cost. Hence, Liu and Wang (2014) mentioned that even though the outsourcing organizations gain the benefits from such business practices, the organizations always cannot the expected result; this is because of the communication gap is the major factor. Likewise, Al-Mutairi and Al-Hammad (2015) commented that one significant reason to outsource can be treated as the expectation of receiving better services from the outsourcer than from internal organizational staff. The studies claim that outsource has to be selected in a specific manner to ensure that there is no negative influence on quality of products and services manufactured, else the organization could lose its position on the market. Apart from all these drawbacks, studies have emphasized on the fact the organizations could sign a contract with the outsourcing organization that could cover the details of the service that will be providing. Hence, anything not covered in the contract will be the fundamental for the organization to pay additional charges. For instance, it is observed that an analyst could purposely exclude costs to favor one decision such as selecting one provider versus another, selecting in sourcing over outsourcing. While digging into the fact that the outs ourcing is often related to firing employees mind and it is a significant issue for the organizations top management team to decide about the relocation of existing employees. Theories related to outsourcing As put forward by Narayanan et al. (2011), outsourcing consists of different activities as many frameworks that are implanted in different theoretical approaches could describe well as each phenomenon. Many studies on outsourcing have usually been affected by three different approaches namely resource-based view, core competency approach as well as transaction cost theory. It is studied that resource-based view in outsourcing develops from a propositions that an organization that lacks significant organized resource and capabilities could seek for a provider from the external environment to overcome the weakness. As put forward by iek, and Ozer (2011), the most significant use of resource-based theory in outsourcing technique remains as the perception stage for defining the decision making framework. Hence, Kang et al. (2012) mentioned that organizations should plug gaps in resource and capabilities in most cost-effective way to maintain a distinctive product as well as its competitive edge. The existing studies have claimed that a core competence can be considered as a cluster of attributes that an organization possesses that in turn enables it to gain competitive edge. However, if the organization is to focus on its core competence as the fundamental basis of its sustainable competitive advantages, the activities that do not constitute a core competence for the organization can be given to outside companies who can provide these at much lower cost. On the other side, the transaction cost theory has been established to facilitate an analysis of the comparative cost of planning and monitoring the task completion with the help of alternative governance structure (Plugge, Bouwman and Molina-Castillo 2013). The unit of analysis in transaction cost theory is considered as transaction, which occurs when a service is transferred across an isolated interface. However, the decision maker should weigh up the production as well as the transmission costs included with the execution of the transaction within their organizations. Scope of the Literature In the literature review, the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing functions have been covered. In addition, to understand other facts related to outsourcing business process, outsourcing business theories have been covered in the literature review. The areas that have been covered in the literature are comprehensive, as each piece of information has been provided with the evidences. It is comprehensive because the evaluation of the papers has been done keeping the major focus of the study in mind, which is the evaluation of benefits and drawbacks of outsourcing. In order to conduct the review of literature, 10 journals related to advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. However, the selection of journals are limited to more recent materials; this means in order to increase the relevancy of the discussion, only recent studies have been considered. In addition, the review of literature does not focus on the methodological approach or any quantitative approach. Nonetheless, the search for literature related to discipline has been broadened. Literature Review Objectives The objectives of the literature revolved around examination of benefits and drawbacks of outsourcing business functions. Thus, considering the purpose of the study, the following objectives have been formed. To establish an understanding about outsourcing business process To critically evaluate advantages and disadvantages of business outsourcing To analyze the potential impact of outsourcing on business Different theme development Many studies have been performed on the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing business functions and each of the study consists of different themes; however, the major focus of the studies remains same. For example, the study conducted by Kang et al. (2012), includes the theories of outsourcing and how they can be applied to business context. On the other side, the study conducted by iek, and Ozer (2011), focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of business outsourcing. Likewise, the research conducted by Al-Mutairi and Al-Hammad (2015), revolves around the issues of business outsourcing. However, all studies selected for the literature included the themes that are relevant to or related to the recent contexts. If outsourcing business can be implemented effectively to the real-context, the business will be more profitable. This is compared to the businesses that use internal strengths to conduct the supporting activities Quality and currency of the literature The quality and currency of literature sources utilized in the perception of review is ascertained to be high of high quality and recent as possible. Quality of the paper selected for the literature The sources selected for the literature review carries the highest standard and the authors with years of experience write the papers not only in business but also in business writing. Most of the articles referred to the review are well-known international business journals. The authors have conducted several journals in the same context hence to known to produce desired quality. For example, iek and Ozer) stayed the supervisor for global MBA students at Manchester Business School and Al-Mutairi and Al-Hammad stayed as the lecturer in an African University also. Such exposure enables the production of very high quality work. Currency of the selected journals The secondary information for conducting the literature review is recent, with articles and publication is not later than 2011. Therefore, this criteria ensures the kind of information used in the study is up to date and relevant to the research context. However, the paper by Narayanan et al. (2011) is the oldest of all that have been used in the analysis with the context being discussed from it is not being dynamic in the recent business trends. Literature review source validity and reliability The sources used for the implementation of the literature review are certainly reliable as exemplified by the sort of quality authors whose have been cited. The discussion on the recent themes makes the papers valid and they can be relied upon because of the fact that some papers used in the present study have also been cited in other literature review in the field of outsourcing business activities. Research Gap and Contribution Based on the literature developed in the study, it can be mentioned that existing papers lacks the discussion on the interaction between outsourcing and its impact on the business in the recent time. The existing literature review have emphasized on the benefits, drawbacks and theories of outsourcing but the studies did not focus on how those benefits and drawbacks are affecting the organizations. Most of the articles cited in the literature review lead towards the process about how the advantages can be gained outsourcing. The contribution found in the literature was the article conducted by Al-Mutairi and Al-Hammad (2015) on the advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be mentioned that the advantages and disadvantages outsourcing in business have the explored the depth in the literature review. The advantages of outsourcing revolve around the time saved for focusing the core activities of the business. This means the outsourcing organization can develop their fundamental business by outsourcing the supporting activities; this helps them to save additional cost and time. References Al-Mutairi, A.O. and Al-Hammad, A., 2015. Advantages and Disadvantages of Maintenance Outsourcing in Manufacturing Companies: With Special References to Jubail Industrial CityKSA.European Journal of Business and Management,7(20). iek, I. and Ozer, B., 2011. The effect of outsourcing human resource on organizational performance: the role of organizational culture.International journal of business and management studies,3(2), pp.131-144. Dolgui, A. and Proth, J.M., 2013. Outsourcing: definitions and analysis.International Journal of Production Research,51(23-24), pp.6769-6777. Jensen, P.D.., 2012. A passage to India: A dual case study of activities, processes and resources in offshore outsourcing of advanced services.Journal of World Business,47(2), pp.311-326. Kang, M., Wu, X., Hong, P. and Park, Y., 2012. Aligning organizational control practices with competitive outsourcing performance.Journal of Business Research,65(8), pp.1195-1201. Liu, S. and Wang, L., 2014. Understanding the impact of risks on performance in internal and outsourced information technology projects: The role of strategic importance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1494-1510. Liu, S. and Wang, L., 2014. Understanding the impact of risks on performance in internal and outsourced information technology projects: The role of strategic importance.International Journal of Project Management,32(8), pp.1494-1510. Narayanan, S., Jayaraman, V., Luo, Y. and Swaminathan, J.M., 2011. The antecedents of process integration in business process outsourcing and its effect on firm performance.Journal of Operations Management,29(1), pp.3-16. Nassimbeni, G., Sartor, M. and Dus, D., 2012. Security risks in service offshoring and outsourcing.Industrial Management Data Systems,112(3), pp.405-440. Plugge, A., Bouwman, H. and Molina-Castillo, F.J., 2013. Outsourcing capabilities, organizational structure and performance quality monitoring: Toward a fit model.Information Management,50(6), pp.275-284. Sass, M. and Fifekova, M., 2011. Offshoring and outsourcing business services to Central and Eastern Europe: Some empirical and conceptual considerations.European Planning Studies,19(9), pp.1593-1609. Tayauova, G., 2012. Advantages and disadvantages of outsourcing: analysis of outsourcing practices of Kazakhstan banks.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,41, pp.188-195.

Customer Service Policies

Questions : Task 1 a) Reasons for using customer service policies and its purpose indicating assistance in future staff training and development of Britannia Hotels. b) Evaluation of different communication methods and how it is used as a best effect in Britannia Hotels c) Analyzing customer perceptions, which influences customer service provision at Britannia hotels: Task 2: a) Undertaking secondary research in assessing information of customer requirements and the satisfaction levels at hospitality organization b) Primary research on customer requirements and the satisfaction level for Britannia hotels by suggesting potential improvements Task 3: a) Delivering customer service in business from organizations context b) Reviewing own performances on deliveries of customer service and making necessary recommendations Answers: Customer Service In Britannia Hotels Customer service is a provision of service made to the customers before and after a purchase. This has the perception that interacts with the dependent people who can adjust themselves evenly. It is also referred sometimes as Culture of organization because it has the priority that makes products and services even through good innovation and pricing. In this research, the researcher has identified chains of UK hotel brands that form a homogenous society in making quality differences (Paluch and Blut, 2013). The researcher will investigate major practices of Britannia Hotels in making the research effective on customer requirements, consultation and monitoring success through major implementations. However, to access a particular position that makes the research ideal will build a specific purpose on various types of communication styles. Conducting the research would provide benefits through primary evaluation that will improve potential requirements of customers on Britannia Hotels (Singla, 2012). Hence, as an operation manager of Britannia Hotels in North London, the general has requested to review customer service policies and training programs which would make an excellent reputation in the market (Coldwell, 2013). Understanding customer service policies on Business Task 1 a) Reasons for using customer service policies and its purpose indicating assistance in future staff training and development of Britannia Hotels: As requested by the general manager of Britannia Hotels in North London, the operation manager would improvise major ideas that make customer service policies good. Customers cherish the business and take care of the things, which have a good value. It is seen that customer spends 10% more on a same product to make the service better (Oliveira and Gimeno, 2014). Every organization makes a good involvement in holding its territories ideal and to be profitable, Britannia Hotels should reflect a good image though points that are: On Sustainable competitive advantage, the rival business would match up easily on major prices and products but would be hard to propagate outstanding customer service. Building relationships would provide excellent customer service to the major clients. This would develop their balance in making their relationship specific on a major brand(Nguyen, Leclerc and LeBlanc, 2013). Continuous improvements are also necessary as through clients interaction, one can learn what clients has observed and liked about that brand and so that areas needs be to improved. Accountability serves as a major platform on the online platform because reputation may fall successively in business(Lapr, 2010). These mistakes can be overlooked to provide exceptional service to grow the business in higher positions. The purpose of indicating assistance on future staff training and reputation will make an alliance on customer service policies. This will motivate the customers through future assessment in building their value in making relationship among them. The operation manager of Britannia hotels will review its current policies to make the approach better through cost efficiency and attracting future customers to gain credibility on major product and services (Hudson and Hudson, 2013). This will however make the performances ideal through ethical values, which could provide customers with a relative focus in driving them to good position in future through technology and innovation. Understanding purpose of promoting customer-focus culture b) Evaluation of different communication methods and how it is used as a best effect in Britannia Hotels: Communication provides good alliance in interacting with people through different ways. As reviewed by the operational manager of Britannia hotels, the segment will bring new change in their communication styles (Geierhos, 2011). The ideas that make a successful change in the communication methods developed to get the best effect on Britannia Hotels reflects on various opinions that are as follows: Verbal communication: Verbal communication includes written and oral communication. Written communication involves the use of traditional use of pen and paper items that involves on e-documents, emails, texts, SMS, etc. This forms a dominant position, which includes brochures, handbooks, memos, and formal business proposals. The other form that is oral communication includes face-to-face, voice chat, voice conferencing, phone calls, etc. This has an effective part on communication styles maintained on voice clarity, pitch, modulation and body language (Coldwell, 2013). Non-verbal communication: This entails on communicating by sending and receiving messages. It also conveys thoughts and feelings of their own. Body language includes eye contact, facial expressions, body posture, voice tone, etc. Visual communication: This comes through visual aids like as drawing, graphic design, illustration, signs, and electronic resources. Visual communication reinforces written communication through graphs and charts. The technological developments made here is easier to develop practices on Britannia hotels. c) Analyzing customer perceptions, which influences customer service provision at Britannia hotels: A survey shows that there are around 36 UK hotel chains, and these attract a good price on the top-rated hotels. They have a better strategic alliance on customer service, good bed comfort, and a good value for money. Britannia Hotels runs on a slow chain on other hotels in getting an overall rating of just 36%, and the major customers do not attract to their services. Hence, to bring a change in Britannia Hotels, the operation manager would implement innovation techniques, which would bring luxury, good infrastructure, good employee support and good behavior to restrain customers hold (Anosike and Eid, 2011). Customer service provisions have a good hold on major hotel industries. This reflects Britannia hotel through major areas that are as follows: Selection process: The manager of Britannia Hotels has revised new methods in making the market significant. Here, messages are created to develop an ideal strategy on the competitive lines of the research process (Bacal, 2011). Customers are interested towards major messages to build on motivation and theory. Organizations control: Consumers classify perception that overlooks in making a good sense on stimuli. This forms on various grouping options that are closely related (Evenson, 2012). Here, people are associated with messages and interact on the common lines of forming good reputation. Interpretation: Consumers apply their mode of learning to make esteem criteria in understanding development and interpret their conversations for organizations effectiveness. Exposure to stimuli: Here, customers interact in making a proper position on outlook and development. This has a good dimension that holds successful on Britannia hotels (Geierhos, 2011). Investigating Customer requirements and its expectations Task 2: a) Undertaking secondary research in assessing information of customer requirements and the satisfaction levels at hospitality organization The researcher has taken significant findings that make the research varied on application and criteria on Britannia hotels. As evaluated by Lapre (2010), the idea of this research will make a particular territory assess customer satisfaction levels on hospitality sectors. Through various articles and blogs, a survey was found that out of 500 hotels the rating was found to be just 50% overall. However, it is seen that from the 650 hotels in UK, Premier Inn is one of the biggest chains than Britannia hotels. This is because of the excellent quality and customer satisfaction maintained in these hotel chains. As opined by Hudson and Hudson (2013), to make the topic evident, the operational manager has evaluated ideas that make the plan authentic on customer expectations, delivering a good promise, building customer loyalty and expanding communication networks. On the contrary, the impact of customer satisfaction brings a good strategy in making the service providers of Hospitality secto rs even (Nguyen, Leclerc and LeBlanc, 2013). This will formulate in delivering sophisticated products and services that customer demands from hospitality sectors. b) Primary research on customer requirements and the satisfaction level for Britannia hotels by suggesting potential improvements To make the research appropriate, researcher has taken concepts on customer satisfaction involved through questionnaires forms. Q.1) How far are you satisfied with customer satisfaction levels of Britannia hotels on major improvements that are taking place. Options No. of respondents Frequency (%) Total number of respondents Strongly satisfied 5 10 50 Satisfied 10 20 50 Neutral 5 10 50 Dissatisfied 10 20 50 Strongly dissatisfied 20 40 50 Table 1: Customer satisfaction levels of Britannia hotels on major improvements Analysis: The customer satisfaction level has a good impact on Britannia hotels where most of them are strongly dissatisfied, as promotions do not take place at a good rate. Q.2) what are the factors involved in potential improvements of Britannia hotels. Options No. of respondents Frequency (%) Total number of respondents Good technology 12 24 50 Innovation 22 44 50 Infrastructure facilities 10 20 50 Customer satisfaction programs 6 12 50 Table 2: Factors involved in potential improvements of Britannia hotels Analysis: The factors involved in potential requirements of Britannia hotels are seen that technology and innovation take a good place whereas customer satisfaction programs are a little low. Q.3) How far do you agree Britannia hotels will make good response in implementing innovation and techniques? Options No. of respondents Frequency (%) Total number of respondents Strongly agree 15 30 50 Agree 12 24 50 Neutral 5 10 50 Disagree 13 26 50 Strongly disagree 15 30 50 Table 3: Britannia hotels will make good response in implementing innovation and techniques Analysis: Britannia hotels have a good reflection in the change outlook of innovations and techniques. These will make a good concern where the balance is same between most customers. Providing customer service with business and services Task 3: a) Delivering customer service in business from organizations context (AC: 4.1) The idea reflected on this topic would make a theoretical approach on Britannia hotels that how planning and motivation have led to a great environment. The complexion revealed at this point delivers an outcome, which would satisfy assessment criteria of the individual. The role-played by the students in taking a professional customer whose work would be to look after the services of the company, how this is going at a good pace (Paluch and Blut, 2013). On the other side, the role of the angry customer will point out on certain defaults of hotels service will make him unhappy. Moreover, the observer will see that how consumers are reacting to these effects and have a look how employees are giving good satisfaction to customers on Britannia hotels chains (Timm, 2011). Thus, the planning agenda will reflect a mark on research notes in the three meetings. This will also see the group log and the written contribution that is going to happen. b) Reviewing own performances on deliveries of customer service and making necessary recommendations Effectively, the performances delivered by quality control of customer service programs on Britannia hotels are as follows: To listen to customers, that will monitor success in interacting with others. This will be specific to hold a proper territory, which comes in contact on customer interaction. Ideally, speech analytics involves a treaty on an evaluation that involves call whereas text analytics involves email and chats for interaction purpose(Wang, 2013). Capturing an ethical idea would assess primary channels and make the quality response on text-based interactions that are well performed. Here, the customers would find a way to interact with the organization on quality and control. Using quality monitoring on own performances would help to improve skills among customers. This would also assess in identifying skills and providing a good opportunity for making a track of learning opportunities. Providing continuous improvement would determine the consistency of individuals, which would make a sophisticated record of the individuals on progress and development on Britannia hotels(Paluch and Blut, 2013). Conclusion The idea resolved in this chapter focuses on the ideas that make a good reflection in this chapter. The researcher has conveyed business ethics that make the context ethical through customer service policies in meeting demands. These would make a treaty to indicate ideas on customer satisfaction and perceptions made on the main influences. The operational manager of Britannia Hotel has also laid primary and secondary research to make a good evaluation of customer service programs. Hence, the research concludes fundamental strategy to assess major ideas that will assist future training and development. Reference List: Anosike, U. and Eid, R. (2011). Integrating internal customer orientation, internal service quality, and customer orientation in the banking sector: an empirical study. The Service Industries Journal, 31(14), pp.2487-2505. Bacal, R. (2011). Perfect phrases for customer service. New York: McGraw-Hill. Coldwell, W. (2013). The UK's best and worst hotel chains. The Guardian. Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2013/oct/30/uk-chain-hotels-survey-best-and-worst [Accessed on 15 Dec. 2015]. Evenson, R. (2012). Customer service management training 101. New York: AMACOM. Geierhos, M. (2011). Customer Interaction 2.0: Adopting Social Media as Customer Service Channel. Journal of Advances in Information Technology, 2(4). Hudson, S. and Hudson, L. (2013). Customer service for hospitality and tourism. Woodeaton, Oxford: Goodfellow Publishers. Lapra, M. (2010). Reducing Customer Dissatisfaction: How Important is Learning to Reduce Service Failure?. Production and Operations Management, 20(4), pp.491-507. Nguyen, N., Leclerc, A. and LeBlanc, G. (2013). The Mediating Role of Customer Trust on Customer Loyalty. JSSM, 06(01), pp.96-109. Oliveira, A. and Gimeno, A. (2014). Customer service supply chain management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Education. Paluch, S. and Blut, M. (2013). Service Separation and Customer Satisfaction: Assessing the Service Separation/Customer Integration Paradox. Journal of Service Research, 16(3), pp.415-427. Singla, V. (2012). Role of service quality and customer satisfaction in predicting customer loyalty. J. for Global Business Advancement, 5(3), p.248. Timm, P. (2011). Customer service. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Wang, Y. (2013). Customer service for hospitality and tourism. Anatolia, 24(3), pp.501-502.