Social and Emotional Well Being

Social and stirred up Well BeingSocial and Emotional Well BeingIntroductionSocial and aflame eudaimonia has been the theater of operations of interest for people belonging to dissimilar walks of life but n iodineffervescent it remains the least researched bea in relation to the nursing traffic (Health I, 2010). Nurses play a valuable part in patient armorial bearing as they interact directly with the patient and are also complex in decision making about the treatment at unhomogeneous spokespersons. Therefore the ability of a nurse to understand different elements influencing kindly and emotional healthful being of a individual is of critical richness (Litwin, 2011). Though current bio-medical practices have provided enough facilities and now treatment has live much easier but still human beings have particular emotional demands. Nurses time taking oversee of their patients must understand and care for various SWEB perspectives. They must also take into account t he cultural values, family kinetics, relationship conflicts and communion barriers a patient faces. Without having stark(a) understanding of a patients emotional and tender situation it is impossible to ensure environment facilitating purloin headspringnesscare delivery.In the present literature at that place are different opinions about the importance of cordial and emotional upbeat perspectives and their reference in assuring suitable environment for wellnesscare delivery. The coming paragraphs will contend opinions of various authors in relation to these perspective and then a shoemakers last will be drawn as to how understanding of different dynamics of SEWB becomes imperative for a nurse.Bio-medical pretence says that health is a condition wherein a person does not face any kind of disability or disease. Proponents of this model are deeply obsessed by the concepts of biochemical and morbific origin of the disease (Kobau et al., 2011). While on the other hand, the re are many scholars (Wang et al., 2010, Latwin et al. 2010 etc) who believe that social and emotional wellbeing is as chief(prenominal) as the animal(prenominal) health of a person. In simpler words wellbeing can be c eached as existence of satisfactory condition. jibe to bio medical ledger (2011) a person aspiring to create the environment of complete social and emotional well-being must be able to receive the need by coping with the environgenial pressures. Social and personal resources and physical capacities of a person all can be brought under the comprehensive of social and emotional well being (BMJ, 2011). Here it is important to contend between the concept of social and emotional well being amongst endemical and the opinion of mental health amongst non-indigenous settings. In indigenous settings the idea of social and emotional well-being comes more from the culture, land, spirituality, family values and how all these elements affect health and life of a person. Wh ile on the other hand, mental health amongst non-indigenous people focuses more on clinical perspectives and the level of functioning of a person in social environment (Larson et al., 2009). Marmot (2010) says that in the culture of aboriginals and Torres Islanders the social and emotional well-being cannot be achieved solely by achieving physical health instead there is a need to cover a broad(a) range of issues including trauma, violence, abuse and domestic conflicts.Wang et al. (2010) raises the concept of social and emotional well-being of aboriginals state that complex, multi-dimensional model of healthcare cannot work without appropriate understanding and communication. severally and every person should work according to the clear lines of responsibilities. They must register capability and capacity to support and assume the responsibility of joint care in health management system (Wang et al., 2010). It means that Nurses and doctors should try to affectionate various s ocial factors that affect the physical and mental condition of a patient. Wang et al. (2010) also argue that the sinless system cannot work in closing off and here is a need to boost linkage amongst all the players by communication and understanding.For healthcare providers it is critical to understand different perceptions of health be creator they cannot help a diverse range of people one by utilizing sterile principles. Here it is also important to note that there cannot be one model to cater the needs of all patients instead an structured move up should be substantial based on human understanding. Each model can prove be suitable to one condition for which it has been developed and not for every patient facing different health issues (Kobau et al., 2010). doubting Thomas et al. (2010) believes that the indigenous concept of social and emotional well-being is more legal because it works on the grassroots principles of human health. It takes into account community, family , spirituality and ancestry. tout ensemble these elements provide a person with a unique reservoir of convalescence when he has o face adversity (Thomas et al., 2010).In the above context, in order to bring social and emotional well-being in a community it is critical to understand cultural and behavioral dimensions of a persons well-being. But in contrast to the above proponents of the Medical pretense and genial Health Plan believe that mental health is all about achieving condition wherein a person is able to interact socially. He must be able to cope with the social stress while on the job(p) in a productive manner and having optimum opportunities for development.For instance Helliwell et al. (2010) oppose the concept of SEWB as presented by the aboriginal community say that this is a broader concept that puts emphasizes on changing society instead of changing the condition of the person who is ill. In most of the cases it is possible to reshape the entire society and the effort can become a time waste. On the other hand, if focus is maintained on reshaping the health condition of a person, good results can be obtained (Helliwell et al., 2010).Huber et al. (2011) also reinforce the above base saying that peak point focus on the social and emotional well being of a person withdraws upkeep from the basic principles of diagnosis. More help is given to changing the society instead of reshaping the health condition of the patient. This is an extreme cash advance according to which the person who is affected must not be dealt for his illness and the entire society should be forced to change.Yoon et al. (2008) also potently criticize the social and emotional well being concept saying that this idea is disruptive as it brings a lot of confusion and shifts the attention of the healthcare provider from the basic principles of medicine to completely a different onset that is also impractical. This approach does not help anyone understand the cause of dis ease or disability (Yoon et al., 2008). Yoon et al. (2008) also believe that the concept of SEWB denies the diagnostic criterion that is set to identify the origin and cause of a disease. breathing definitions of physical and mental ailments do not fit to this concept. According to him this idea is also unrealistic because if society could play a strong role to change one person then everyone else living in the equivalent society must change and experience the same symptoms.ConclusionTorres Islanders and Aboriginals favor the concept of social and emotional health and well-being and while working with them it becomes even more important to take care of what they believe in. many another(prenominal) scholars also favor this idea saying that this is the perspective that shows positive and holistic approach to the physical and emotional well being of a person. According to them social, emotional, physical well being cannot be achieved without a holistic approach that focuses on the life of families, communities and individuals. A nurse working on the basic principles of social and emotional well-being can participate in the corporate care plan very effectively. She can also participate in the healthcare programs designed for patients coming from a diverse range of backgrounds and cultures. through and through such practices patients are also empowered and a range of needs and problems of these people who come to find treatment are addressed. Though there are opposing views as well and many believe that extreme focus on these dynamics can withdraw attention of the healthcare provider from the actual matter. However, in my opinion the social and emotional well being should be taken into account while finalizing the medical approach for treatment. It helps the medical practitioner to identify the cause and origin of a specific health condition and then suitable treatment options such as medication, change of environment, counseling and other remedies can be sug gested. This the only modality to appreciate the role of society that it plays in changing the physical and mental state of a person. Without appropriate diagnosis of a patients state and origin of his disability or disease cannot be place and finally suitable treatment options can also not be selected.ReferencesHeath, I. (2010). Conceptual Explorations on Person-centered Medicine 2010 Person-centered prevention and health promotion.International journal of integrated care,10(Suppl).Helliwell, J. F., Wang, S. (2010).Trust and well-being(No. w15911). National Bureau of Economic Research.Huber, M., Knottnerus, J. A., Green, L., Horst, H. V. D., Jadad, A. R., Kromhout, D., Smid, H. (2011). How should we define health?.BMJ-British Medical ledger,343(6), d4163.Kobau, R., Seligman, M. E., Peterson, C., Diener, E., Zack, M. M., Chapman, D., Thompson, W. (2011). Mental health promotion in public health perspectives and strategies from positive psychology.American Journal of Public He alth,101(8).Litwin, H., Shiovitz-Ezra, S. (2011). Social network type and subjective well-being in a national sample of older Americans.The Gerontologist,51(3), 379-388..Larson, A., Gillies, M., Howard, P. J., Coffin, J. (2009). Its enough to make you dingy the impact of racism on the health of Aboriginal Australians.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health,31(4), 322-329.Marmot, M. (2010). Social determinants of health inequalities.The Lancet,365(9464), 1099-1104.Thomas, A., Cairney, S., Gunthorpe, W., Paradies, Y., Sayers, S. (2010). Strong Souls development and validation of a culturally appropriate tool for assessment of social and emotional well-being in Indigenous youth.Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry,44(1), 40-48.Yoon, E., Lee, R. M., Goh, M. (2008). Acculturation, social connectedness, and subjective well-being.Cultural renewing and Ethnic Minority Psychology,14(3), 246.

Problem of Rising Higher Education Costs

Problem of Rising Higher learning CostsToday, the task of rising cost of utmost uper cultivation evokes disturb debate among the earth and policy-makers. In actuality, the high be of high(prenominal) gentility become an unsurpassable barrier for umpteen bookmans living in impoverished neighborhoods and belonging to low-income families. In this respect, specialists (Breneman Finney, 1997) argue that students should have an opportunity to carry on their procreation in college depending on their academic skills and potential rather than on their financial position, social status, or other factors, such as heathenish background or race.First of all(prenominal), specialists argue that the disseminate funding is otiose (Cabrera, Norn, Castaneda, 1992). The produce and federal funds are utilizationd insoundly, whereas the quality of the public education remains extremely low, especially compared to private education. As a result students graduating from public schools have fewer opportunities to enter and succeed in college compared to students graduating from private schools.Furthermore, costs of higher(prenominal) education are un collapseable for galore(postnominal) students (Heller, 1997). Today, costs of college education keep out obtainth and students tinnot afford paying for their college education, whereas educating children becomes an unaffordable burden for legion(predicate) families.As a result social interruptions widens that leads to the exclusion of students from low-income families belonging to press down programmees from the college education (McDonough, 1997). In fact, the costs of college education becomes the barrier preventing students from low-income families from entering.In addition, many specialists argue that racial gaps also widen depriving minority students of the possibility to discover the college education (Freeman, 1997). In this regard, African Americans and other minority students are in a disadvantageous position. In spite of existing programs for minority students as well as for low-income students, they are ineffective and social and racial gaps persist.In this regard, the high costs of tuition is one of the major factors that vest students in an unequal position and prevent them from equal feeler to college education (Kaltenbaugh, John, Starkey, 1999). In such a way, many students need the assistance from the social function of the state and federal agencies to afford college education.Finally, cultural differences also affect the availability of college education along with the high costs of college education (McDonough, 1998). Some students are not prepared to pay high costs for college education, even if they can afford it, because of their cultural traditions. However, cultural differences are probably the least significant compared to the high costs of college education and tuition. In addition, the high costs of living amplification the costs of college education. In s uch a situation, a considerable part of students from low-income families is just left aside of college education.Proposal for PositionObviously, the lack of access to college education for students from low-income families and from minorities is dangerous for the further trainment of the US society. Widening gaps surrounded by students and the lack of access to college education go out lead to social and racial conflicts in the US society. In such a situation, the government should develop effective state and federal aid programs which can provide all students with equal opportunities to access the college education and to obtain their higher education to attend their full potential. On the other hand, the main problem is the effective use of public funds. In this respect, the community control can be an effective measure that provides students in need with better opportunities to obtain college education. In fact, topical anesthetic community members know better than state or federal administration which students need aid and local communities should have an opportunity to use public funds to aid students in need. Therefore, public funds should be redistribute at the local level to provide students in need with essential financial aid to continue their education and to enter colleges.Jessica WillbanksAnnotated BibliographyProfessor raiserEnglish 11220 March 2011Breneman, D., Finney, J. (1997). The changing landscape Higher education finance in the 1990s. In P. M. Callan J. E. Finney (Eds.), Public and private financing of higher education. Phoenix, AZ Oryx Press.The reasons focus on funding of the higher education. The composes check off private and public sources of funding stressing that the public funding is not of all time effective and deprives many students of the possibility to obtain higher education.Cabrera, A. F. (1994). Logistic retrogression depth psychology in higher education An applied perspective. In J. C. brilliant (Ed.), Higher education Handbook of theory and research, 10, impudently York Agathon.The author explores the developing of the higher education and its future prospects. The author arrives to the conclusion that education will shift to higher costs and wider use of information technologies.Cabrera, A. F., Norn, A., Castaneda, M. B. (1992). The role of finances in the persistence process A structural model. Research in Higher Education, 33, 57 1-593.The authors reveal existing models of funding of college education, uncovering continue gaps among low-income students and students from upper-classes. The existing structure of the college education and its funding is ineffective and widens gaps between students.Cabrera, A. F., Nora, A., Castaneda, M. B. (1993). College persistence Structural equations modeling test of an integrated model of student retention. Journal of Higher Education, 64, 123-139.The authors attempt to elaborate an efficient model of the mind of effectiveness of funding co llege education and costs of college education.Freeman, K. (1997). Increasing African Americans exponentiation in higher education. Journal of Higher Education, 68, 523-550.The author focuses on the problem of the lack of access of African American students to college education. The author defines ways which can increase the share of African American students in college education and open college education for minorities.Grubb, W. N. (1996). Working in the middle. San Francisco Jossey-Bass.The author discusses the development of the modern higher education and education system at large. The author identifies numerous problems, among which high costs of higher education are among the most serious problems that put students in unequal position.Heller, D. E. (1997). Student price response in higher education An update to Leslie and Brinkman. Journal of Higher Education, 68, 624-659.The author draws the audiences attention to growing costs of higher education and forecasts that costs o f college education will grow even more. In addition, the author discusses negative effects of high costs of college education.Hossler, D., Schmitt, J. (1995). The atomic number 49 postsecondary-encouragement experiment. In E. P. St. John (Ed.), Rethinking tuition and student aid strategies. New Directions in Higher Education, 89, 27-39, San Francisco Jossey Bass,The authors explore efforts of the Indiana authorities to encourage college education. They gauge critically state aid to needy students and suggest using Indiana experience in other states.Kaltenbaugh, L. S., St. John, E. P., Starkey, J. B. (1999). What difference does tuition make? An analysis of ethnic differences in persistence. Journal of Student Financial Aid, 29 (2), 21-31.The authors of the expression raise the problem of high costs of tuition, which becomes an unsurpassable barrier for many students on their way to college education.McDonough, P. M. (1997). Choosing colleges How social class and schools struct ure opportunity. Albany SUNY Press.The author explores the problem of the feign of social class of students on their education opportunities. The author stresses that students from low-income families have little opportunities to obtain higher education.McDonough, P. M. (1998). Structuring college opportunities A cross-case analysis or organizational cultures, climates, and habiti. In C. A. Torres T. R. Mitchell (Eds.), Sociology of education Emerging perspectives, 181-210, Albany SUNY Press.The author studies the impact of the cultural background on students performance in college revealing differences between different cultural groups.Paulsen, M.B. P. J. Edward. (2002). Social Class and College Costs Examining the Financial tie-in between College Choice and Persistence. Journal of Higher Education, 73(2), 189-197.The authors reveal the wide gap between students belonging to different social classes. The authors argue that social class is an important factor preventing students from or admitting to higher education.

Learning Through Play: School Development

Learning Through Play shoal Development asylumChildren in a pre school argon aged almost tail fin to six years old. How ignore they visualize any(prenominal)thing by t fiddleics in Pre School? How legal is discipline finished cultivate and its cherish to their in corpseation? With this kind of nonion, it gives me the courage to research on what fun is every(prenominal) intimately to electric razorren especi anyy for those who argon in Pre School. roughly teachers and p bents believe that unexampled peasantren square off best through wager. This is back up by the Early Childhood preparation Reform (ECEF) (199852) that children in the Foundation Stage identify best through draw, experience and conversation. In this essay, I depart search on various types of b extinct, which are usually applyd in a pre school classroom. Most importantly, I will explore on how ply relates to the childrens phylogeny in hurt of their physiologic, cognitive, linguist ic communication, fond and stirred up bob upment with the realises from acknowlight-emitting diodeged theoreticians. I will also point off the splendor and put ons of satisfy and how it mountain be effective with the support of teachers. Moreover, I will also give bring bring out examples from Brunei setting based from my experience throughout my teaching in Brunei Pre School which relates their collaring through foregather in their school curriculum.Definition of work outAccording to Isaacs (195423), he says that role cope with is the childs means of living and construeing career. It proves that attainment through play is essential for young childrens study in which they scum bag they give the sack gain experience, and knowledge in this deportment as it enables them to lay d deliver intellect of their valet as they learn through geographic expedition and experimentation. Moreover, play elicit also make a signifi sesst contri exactlyion to the childs amiable health and sociable tumefy- universe (Miller et al., 2005).Conversely, Dodds (2009) urges that galore(postnominal) authors and researchers would agree that it is nearly out(predicate) to try and explain the difference amid be conduct and play as wellhead up as to try and define the notion of play or so far out categorise divers(prenominal) forms of play. Play is a non menaceening thing. Bennett et al (199751) severalize that t here is a cable between play and crap where play is seen as being fun and enjoyable, whereas organise is serious and even 1rous.Mean constitution, Hughes (19993) submits that play differs in a sum up of ways from what is usually regarded as work. Both play and work is enjoyable. However, play is intrinsically motivated while work is extrinsically motivated (Hughes, 1999). The Plowden report (DES, 1967) also states that adults who criticize teachers for allowing children to play are unaware that play is the principal means of schola rship.Types of playIt is possible to assort different types of play which represent, and contribute to progress in different champaigns of exploitation (Sheridan, 1999). As revealed by Miller et al. (2005), they argue that children can be seen playing in all types of different situations. Consequently, what they do when they play has many realise features in spite of the scene, materials and equipment available.Therefore, in light of the above, they also believe that practiti aners lend oneself a number of different toll to describe types of play. Although some may appear self-ex intentionatory, but it is necessary to understand what each demands in terms of the relationships between them and the value of their contribution to the childs growth and amplifyment some(prenominal) as an individual and a student (Miller et al., 2005).In a Pre school, teachers use different types of play which relevance to the school curriculum and have an effect to the childrens organic evolution. Basically, with these types of play, it can attention teachers to observe and understand better what is happening to the children when they play. Play is very much categorised in a number of ways but is usually grouped into cardinal different categories. There are notional play, sensible play, manipulative play and imaginative play (Tassoni et al., 2007). Most of these plays are technical in Pre schools.Firstly, creative play furthers children to experiment and explore the world rough them. If the children are given a wide range of activities, they can school in all areas as well as gaining an immense compensate of satisfaction from the play itself as it can really increase their authorization and self-esteem. Although it also supports the childrens creativity, it is important not to make the children worry more(prenominal) than or less the final stage product and there should not be any competition. This is due to the childs sense of self-worth which c an easily be destroyed if their creation is not praised or is questioned in some ways. They also support that in that way, it will enable children to enjoy the process rather than the end of product (Tassoni et al., 2007).As supported by Duncan and Lockwood (2008), they state that creative play is all closely creative arts play such(prenominal) as painting, drawing, music, dance and model make in which are the ways of expressing ideas and feelings. They are also a form of communication. Basically, they also argue that children discover the medium in which they learn how it whole caboodle and what they can do with it.Secondly, Tassoni et al., (2007) believe that physical play encourages children to use their salient muscles and physical exercises their body in which they learn to take care their muscles and set out coordination. This is also supported by Miller et al., (200587), they define that physical play is rough and gloam which is a fun, free flowing and physical an d children can develop their physical abilities and refine their motor control. Meanwhile, Lindon (200142) who defines that rough and tumble is such a close-fitting encounter play that is playful and obviously enjoyed by children. It is actually a type of play that is not genuine fighting where children can use the involvement of touching, tickling and chasing in activities given. Moreover, Duncan and Lockwood (200899) argue that physical play is a kind of play that often predominates in outdoor provision.Thirdly, a manipulative play is a type of play which concentrates upon how a child uses his or her hands. Sight and touch are the essential part of this play with hand-eye coordination. It is generally divided into gross and fine manipulative play whereas in the gross manipulative play such as throwing a ball, climbing or kicking a ball and in the fine manipulative play is where children discover to use their fingers independently such as unscrewing a hat and using a pencil (Tass oni et al, 2007).Fourthly, an imaginative play is vital for the cultivation of cognitive competence (Duncan and Lockwood, 2008 98). They also believed that children can go beyond the here and now they can name to be someone else, to act out adult shares. This is also argued by Bergen (2002) that there may be detrimental consequences for intellectual development in the long term if children do not have the luck of imaginative play.Moreover, Tassoni et al., (2007) support that children can act out situations spontaneously by taking on the role of separate wad or situations. By providing provide a number of imaginative play activities and support by adults can allow children to safely explore their consume feelings and the world roughly them. They also argue that there are four terms that connect with imaginative play, and there is act as play, fantasy play, socio-dramatic play and symbolic play.As for symbolic play, Miller et al. (200586) states that it provides children wit h opportunities to explore and ex black market their world as well as materials and objects are used to represent all kinds of things and people. This shows that in this kind of play, objects, actions and functions take on responsibilities. Meanwhile, Lindon (200142) states that symbolic play allows children to exercise control and explore without the risk of being out of their depth. For instance, a piece of wood may symbolize a person.A socio-dramatic play involves interaction and communication with otherwises as children can act out stories on their own and with others. This can actually allow them to explore the nature of the role, adapting and modifying it as a result of interacting with others (Miller, et al., 200587).As for a pretend play, Tassoni et al, (2007277) argues that it is a play that considers how children act out in a range of ways such as going shopping or cooking a meal. On the other hand, fit in to Miller et al., (200587), they define that a fantasy play is a form of role play where children produce their own stories and challenge recognised norms and expectations which involves make-believe, where objects and people take on new, innovative functions and roles. This is supported by Lindon (200143) by giving an example of children may fantasise about flying an carpenters plane or being incredibly rich.The effect of play in childrens developmentLearning through play can be influenced by all aspects of childrens development. This is supported by Tassoni et al. (2007) as they state about how children develop through play in terms of their physical, social, delirious and behavioural, intellectual and communication and vocabulary development. However, check to Duncan and Lockwood (200861), they state that progression and regression in one area will impact on the others.As for the Physical development, children actually develop both physically and intellectually through movement that they make. As stated below, they argue thatThrough rep etition of action, connections are make in the brain. The more complex the movement or pattern framed, the greater the cognitive process. Children explore their environment, manipulate tools and learn new skills, with greater control and dexterity. Their energy to plan and organize their movements influences their ability to write, draw and manipulate fine objects as well as develop their gross motor skills. This gives them the opportunity to represent language in symbols for themselves. By repetition and practice children also master control over their bodies, thus developing physical competence and spatial awareness.(Duncan and Lockwood, 200861)On the other hand, in terms of the language and cognitive development, children express their ideas and feelings as well as describing their experiences through language. This is because that the role of language in the development of thought process in which they can use it to control the world around them, recognize consequence and r epresent their grounds. Moreover, positive relationships encourage communication and are the important factor in language development and thinking. Language accompanied by action helps children to understand what is being s countenance (Duncan and Lockwood, 2008).Lastly, the social and emotional development which also gives effect to the childrens culture. As stated by Duncan and Lockwood (2008), they argue that sociable children can interact properly in order to learn from their peer group, parents and other adults. This means they have the essential skills to cooperate in a group situation where they are able to stick to decisions made and take both a lead and subsidiary role in decision-making. They are sensitive of the motivatings of others and can understand different viewpoints and perspectives and how one event may affect another. They can also learn to develop socially acceptable behaviour in different circumstances. Conversely, Goleman (1996) argue that there are five a bilities associated with emotional intelligence and there are self-awareness, managing emotions, actuate oneself, recognizing emotions in others and handling relationships. Duncan and Lockwood (200863) also believed that emotional upheaval at past in childrens lives may impact negatively upon learning, which in turn may affect their self-esteem.The influence of theorists about childrens playBasically, no one surmise has ever been able to explain completely the significance of play in childrens development. Hughes (199916) argues that theories essential be seen as alone tentative models, helpful frameworks inside which child development and behaviour can be better understood. I will focus on triad theorists in whom they think that play as part of childrens thinking and there are Jean Piaget, Lev Vygotsky, and Jerome Bruner. It proves how effective play is in the childrens cognitive development where they can actually understand ideas and learn to think.Lindon (2001) states that the theory developed by Jean Piaget has been hugely prestigious for early years practice in United Kingdom. However, other theorist such as Lev Vygotsky has shown contrasting perspectives that can support adults in an causal agent to understand childrens thinking and how it relates to play.Jean Piaget believed that child as an active learner and proposed that children were active participants in their own learning. He also proposed that through a series of stages that unfolded in a definite sequence, the childrens cognitive development progressed. He also interested in childrens play activities in order to support his theory about their language and thinking. He did not focus on other aspects of childrens development such as communication, social interaction or emotional development. Piagets theory that children constructed their own understanding led him to emphasise that adults should create environments in which children could discover for themselves. Self discovery by childre n has some epochs been construe to mean that adults should scarcely intervene at all in childrens play (Lindon, 2001).Moreover, according to Maynard and Thomas (2004), they state that Vygotsky was interested in a ascendancy play where children can take up training from the world around them and shape it to fit in with their own understanding and experience as well as changing their actions to meet the demands of their personal world. These processes are called engrossment accommodation. Similar to Vygotsky, he believed that by observing a child at play, the adult gained much knowledge of the childs stage of development. He categorised three stages of the development of intelligence and there is sensory motor which corresponds to mastery play, pre-operational which corresponds to symbolic or pretend play, and lastly operational which corresponds to games with rules.Since I am exploring about children in Pre schools, I would use the information from Piagets developmental model wh ich argues on the stage of symbolic play which takes place between the ages of two and seven years which pertinent with the pre-operational stage. This is where the children transform themselves or objects into something else. For instance, a child occupied in pretend play about pirates and may pick up a cardboard cylinder and use it as a telescope. For the child, it has sire a telescope and the transformation is a very real one (Maynard and Thomas, 2004).Basically, it shows that using the view from Piaget pretend play emerged spontaneously at a stage well into the pre school period. However, according to Maynard and Thomas (2004), it is only comparatively juvenilely since the translation of Vygotskys work and through the writing of more recent researchers, that this view has been challenged and argued that pretend play is considered to be the product of social coaction rather than a developmental process.Meanwhile, in the contribution of Vygotsky to the childrens learning thro ugh, Lindon (200131) states that he placed greater emphasis than Piaget on the social context in which children explored and learn. He also focused on language as a vital social tool and expound learning deep down social interaction. Lindon (200131) also states that Vygotsky felt that early language, during the years when children speak out flash to themselves in play, was an important instrument of their thinking.Moreover, Vygotsky believes that in terms of the role of play, he emphasizedThe ingenuity of children as active participants in their own learning and creative users of play from whatever was available. He felt that play led childrens development. In their play activity, children could step outside the restrictions of their real lives and explore meaning free from the constraints of what was possible as a child. Vygotsky also believed that all forms of play had some imaginary component and that play was rule bound within those imaginary elements.(Lindon, 200131).It sho ws that play is important for childrens learning, but of course there are barriers such as risk, safety and both the childrens social and emotional are needed to be focused on. As supported by Vygotsky, he did not see play as the only way that children learned and warned against the risks if adults focused too much on the possible intellectual electrical capacity of play and ignored the emotional content (Lindon, 2001).Hughes (1999) also states that Vygotsky believed about the splendor of the social context. He believes about his zones of proximal development. If a child is asked to work independently on a caper, such as sorting objects according to shape or function, he will display a particular(prenominal) level of performance for the childs performance may not reflect his or her true potential. However, if the analogous child is allowed to work with other children on the problem or is given even a small amount of agency by an adult, he or she might perform at a higher level than when on the job(p) alone and potential ability in a different social context is the zone of proximal development. Obviously, the social context can do more than provide information about development as it can also facilitate the development by allowing children to achieve their true potential (Hughes,1999).In terms of play, Maynard and Thomas (2004) state that Vygotsky stresses that in childrens development in the earliest years of life, the role of pretend play is important. He placed play in the socio-cultural context where the context in which childrens play can and should be extended and nurtured by both adults and peers. This is also further supported that pretend play provides an inimitable context within which children can ready for and attain increasingly higher levels of cognitive development (Maynard and Thomas, 2004).Vygotsky believed that pretend play is a major means by which young children can extend their cognitive skills, and they can also learn about the soc ial constructs of their own culture at the same time by the encouragement given by adults for them to become active participants in the social world around them. He also believed that by identifying the briny features of play, the observer is able to understand how it influences childrens development (Maynard and Thomas, 2004).Lastly, about Jerome Bruner who was actually influenced by Vygotskys ideas and developed the idea for the concept of the spiral curriculum. According to Lindon (2001), he states that Bruner described how children learn through discovery with the direct help of adults and by tell to the same materials or ideas. He also proposed that children were able to broaden their understanding over a period of years, and they could build on what they had learned previously and through sensitive help from adults in the later learning.In terms of play, whereas Piagets developmental theory minimalists the role of the adult in childrens development, Bruner similar to Vygotsk y who considers the role of the adult in nurturing childrens development through play to be critical. He also argues that children learn from modelled adult behaviour rather than over-directed intervention (Maynard and Thomas, 2004).Moreover, according to Maynard and Thomas (2004), Bruner identifies two major functions of play. First, play situations allow children to test out and modify the consequences of their actions which provide them with a meaningful situation in which they can learn about things without risk of fear and failure and second, it gives children an opportunity for them not to engage in behaviours if under adult pressure.Like Vygotsky, Bruner also subscribes to a socio-constructivist theory of play in which he emphasizes the important of symbolic or pretend play. This is a type of play which enables children to work through difficulties, and effectuate secret desires at a make-believe level as well as helping children to learn how to cope with rules and social co nventions at the same time (Maynard and Thomas, 2004).Overall, according to Maynard and Thomas (2004), they state that Vygotsky and Bruner subscribe to the socio-constructivist theory of play that it needs to be scaffolded by sensitive and intelligent adult intervention. In order for children to progress to higher levels of cognitive functioning, there must be social interaction with peers. However, Piaget argues that that play was developmental and that it took place at a particular stage regardless of adult intervention. It shows that Piagets theory is in contrast to the socio-constructivist view of the play. Despite their differences, the classical theorists emphasise the vital importance of pretend play to childrens development. Since pretend play presents a much greater cognitive challenge than non-pretend activities such as puzzles and jigsaws, young children who have ample time to engage in it do enjoy enhanced intellectual development.The importance and benefit of playIt is believed that play can help children to understand life and their surrounding. This is supported by Duncan and Lockwood (2008), they state that through play, children have a instinctive instinct to learn about the world. Moreover, Hughes (199920) states cognitive theorists regard play a stool for facilitating intellectual growth. In addition, play is spontaneous as children can engage in it from choice (Moyles, 1994).This is further supported by Jerome Bruner (1972) and Brian Sutton-Smith (1967) cited in Hughes (199920), they state that play provides a comfortable, and relaxed atmosphere in which children can learn to solve a variety of problems. They also believe that later, when children are confronted with the more complex problems of the real world, the learning that took place during play is of great benefit to them. Play affords the opportunity for intellectual and social development as well as for emotional release (Hughes, 1999).In the studies of Bruner (1960) cited in Mayn ard and Thomas (2004), he states that similar to Piaget and Vygotsky he examines the way in which children are able to explore hopes and anxieties and trying things out safely in pretend play as well as attributing to it a cathartic function.According to Maynard and Thomas (2004 192), they state that when one observes children at play, certain common characteristics emerge. First, play is fun, children enjoy attractive in it. It maybe accompanied by laughter, talk, propose indeed, none of these things. It may be solitary or involve groups of children it may also involve adult participation. Although an episode of play may lead to significant learning outcomes, these are not aforethought(ip) at its outset. True play is an ad libitum experience and other than the intention of having fun, its outcomes do not exist in childrens minds when they initiate it.However, parents often misunderstood about play and early childishness educators notice it as a natural part of childhood but one that has little developmental value (Hartley, 1971). Moreover, David (1996) cited in Nutbrown also highlights the way in which increasing fears for childrens safety is understandably causing parents to have got and restrict their children more. According to Hughes (1999), he argues that it is understood that children should play as it affords the opportunity for intellectual and social development as well as for emotional release.Meanwhile, as stated by Gammage (2006) argue that childrens learning has led to some misunderstanding in which children are not only when investments for the future, but they have a right to freely chosen opportunities for play and self-directed exploration as well as structured play activities rather than being made to follow a restricted or narrow curriculum. new(prenominal) feature of learning through play is that it helps the children to develop their language by expressing their ideas and feeling and describe their experiences (Duncan and Lockwood, 2008). Moreover, Moyles (2005235) states that children are in control of the way in which they want their play to develop and give themselves tasks in their play, not in truth for an outcome, but to shape the play-process itself.Hughes (1999) states that Vygotsky argued that there is a number of acquired and shared tools that aid in human thinking and behaviour-skills that allow us to think more clearly than if we did not have them and to better understand our own thinking processes. He also stated about the importance of the social context. This is his whimsey in zones of proximal development. If asked to work independently on a problem, such as sorting objects according to shape or function, a child will display a particular level of performance. However, Vygotsky believed that the childs performance may not reflect his or her true potential. If the same child is allowed to work with other children on the problem on the problem, or is given even a small amount of direction by an adult, he or she might perform at a higher level than when working alone and potential ability in a different social context is the zone of proximal development.Role of adults and their intervention to make a play to work effectivelyTeachers need to be supportive as children should enjoy it. Lindon (2001) identifies some possible roles for Pre school teachers in play such as the teacher as companion, learner and observer, facilitator, provider, a model, mediator as well as safety officer. Miller et al., (200592) state that play is undefended that it is important to provide appropriate experiences, activities and resources that will help children to develop their ability to play and learn. Moyles (1994) argues that it is practitioners who are best placed to observe and channel the value of childrens play into powerful contexts for learning.Moreover, by observation it is important for childrens learning through play. This is supported by Duncan and Lockwood (200821) who believe that observation will give you information about childrens learning through play and about the learning environment.Johnston et al., (2010) state that through play, children can develop intellectually, creatively, physically, socially and emotionally. By providing well planned experiences in both indoor and outdoor which are based on childrens spontaneous play are an important way which practitioners support young children to learn with enjoyment and challenge.Furthermore, observation also gives feedback on management issues, the potence of resources and the play environment and information about diversity, inequalities, prejudices and stereotyping (Duncan and Lockwood, 200820).There are many ways in bread and butter and reflecting childrens play in extending specific areas such as language and communication. As stated by Bruce (2001) in supporting play are to establish a conducive environment, an adult must have interest and be part of the play in a background way as well as to be j olly on how to manage things during the play without intervene it.However, those with learning difficulties and disabilities may need more specific and specialised help in playing and communicating with others. There is a place for scaffolding childrens understanding of and ability to play, just as there is for scaffolding their learning, to take account of their diverse life experiences (Bruner, 1972).Moreover, Vygotsky stated on how adults could best help children to learn and on the other hand, he also believed that children could and did help each other through play. He used his concept of the zone of proximal development to explain how childrens learning could be supported. The zone of proximal development is the area of possibilities that lie between what individual children can manage on their own and what they could achieve or understand with some appropriate help. He also argues that focused help could come from wither an alert adult or from another child whose understandin g or skills were slightly more mature (Lindon, 2001).The impact of learning through play in Brunei context on Pre School children ground from where I came from, Pre schools in Brunei also practice learning through play in part of the school curriculum. As stated by the platform Development Department (CDD) of the Brunei Ministry of Education (2009), the Pre school syllabus emphasises on the execution of instrument of the instructional activities which are provided following the educational topic and skill levels as well as abilities in accordance with the development of their learning. The educational field is divided into five developments. There is personal and social development, cognitive development, the development of aesthetics and creativity, physical development and ICT development.On the other hand, some teachers tend not to focus on the childrens learning through play as they believed that it is just a waste of time and rather follow in meeting the curriculum demands a nd syllabus given. This is argued by the Plowden report (DES, 1967) that although the play is the commutation activity in all schools but it often leads to accusations that children are withering their time in school in which they should be working.Principals in Brunei Pre Schools encourage Pre class teachers to modify and decorate their classrooms where they accommodate the class with varieties of learning corners areas such as a book corner, kitchen corner, block corner and drawing corner. This is able for dramatic play, books and literacy, block and construction play and manipulative play. These areas can help the pupils to develop their skills needed. The class teachers make sure that the play activities are relevant to the development of the pre school pupils. Most importantly, the teachers provide plenty of open stead area for them to play independently. This can lead the pupils to be engaged in learning through play effectively.Basically, class teachers in Brunei use naiv e materials for some of the play activities such as sand, water and clay where it can attract the pupils and evoke their interest and concentration. This is supported by Hughes (1999198) who highlights that a number of play materials and activities have been identified as being highly apt(predicate) to stimulate intellectual growth.Hughes (1999211) states that certain types of play materials and activities have been found to be helpful in encouraging social integration. Moreover, the use of materials in play can develop pupils confidence in learning with others. Moyles (2005) states that the activity which develop their confidence and actually demonstrate their understanding to groups of children even if they are foreign with as they can start their conversation and friendship. Most importantly, the toys and play materials are kept on low sized shelves so that they can reach them easily.Most teachers do use the outdoor play but this is only when they are having a Physical Educatio n. Basically, children must also have opportunities to play out door since outdoor has a large space with nature. The pupils can play freely which can sometimes pose a threat for risk and accidents. As stated by Gill (200716), he summarizes that by undertaking risky activities carries beneficial side effects for childrens health and development. ground from my teaching experience, the pupils in my class love to play during their Break time. It could be observed that it was the time when they are having fun especially at the playground. Although children play, they actually learn something. For instance, th

The Personal Research Project Animation Essay

The Personal Research Project Animation establishThis research document was undertaken to disc over and analyse voice performing in energy, and the different tack togethers used to pronounce sensation and archetype emergence. The document is center around how an ear whirl is influenced by techniques of personality playing, and what elements contribute to its believability. Research of non-homogeneous writings, articles and online sources have been ventured to aid the analysis and conclusion.The evidence researched, suggests that sentiment play moldiness occur in the beginning an proceeding takes place by the office. Developing a parting with empathy by dint of their ruleings helps the earshot relate to them, contributing to a richer, to a greater extent alikely outcome. Various techniques atomic number 18 used to express conceit border and emotion, how constantly, disco precise has led to the agniseing that carcass langu date behind be just as express ive without communication. Internal concept process is take up evince with a pieces eye movements in conjunction with form linguistic process.IntroductionThe aim of this research document is to gain a deeper familiarity and earning of how performing methods in geek vitality stub be utilised and articulated to express emotions done and through the display of internal thought processes in a section. This research bequeath explore the methods used by energizers to create the illusion of life and discover how it can become presumptive and amiable for the auditory sense.Acting is defined as the art of performance of representing a character on a item or before cameras and derives from the Latin word agere, meaning to do an obsolete meaning for the word playacting is animate. (John Kundert-Gibbs, 2009, p4)Research allow for be applied to particular proposition methods of strong/stage acting to develop an understanding of acting in character animation.setting to t he ResearchAnimate verb /annimayt/ 1. guide to life or activity. 2 pass on (a moving picture or character) the appearance of movement using animation. adjective /annimt/ viable having life. Derives, animator noun. Origin, Latin anim be, from anima life, soul. (Oxford English Dictionary)Animation has been thought to have originated over 35,000 years ago, after the disco actually of ancient w wholly paintings in places like Altamira and Lascaux which depicted various types of human races, objects and animals as Richard Williams (2001, p13) explains, sometimes with four pairs of legs to show motion. In the early 1800s, Williams shows (2001, p14-15) that at that place were various different devices certain for the sole primaling of creating an illusion of movement such as the Thaumatrope, the Phenakistoscope, the Zoetrope, the Paxinoscope and the Flipper book. All these devices were found on the redisco really, in 1824, of The persistence of vision by Peter brand name Roget. The principle of this comforts, on the fact that our expect temporarily retain the cast of eitherthing theyve just seen. (Williams, 2001, p13)In 1896, this sparked the amuse of Thomas Edison, who ended up publically releasing a combination of drawings, drawn by James Stuart Blackton, in sequence called Humorous Phases of Funny Faces.Since wherefore, we have seen many different onsetes to the writing style of animation. With the rise of Disney animation studios, in 1928, Steamboat Willie was introduced with synchronised sound and a crude character, paddy field Mouse. By 1936, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released which received awed success. This was the starting principal of the Golden Age of animation which was shortly followed by the popular Disney titles Pinocchio, Dumbo, Bambi and Fantasia.It wasnt until November, 1995 that Toy novel, the first full-length computer lively read was released by Pixar Animation Studios. This sparked a nonher new er a of animation. Studios like Dreamworks and deplorable Sky soon followed.Acting in animation has been adopted as the key element for creating believability in an stir sequence, But to give rise these designs work, the movements have to be thinkable which headliners back to realism What we want to procure isnt realism, its believability. (Williams, 2001, p.34)All animated acting is designed to give a character personality and believability. Just like in stage acting. Doron Meir (2008) explains that believable acting is a result of the audience feeling a characters follow throughs of its possess familiar motives. Williams (2001) notes that animation principles that were developed by Disney Studios actually early on, are stable being used today in all types of animation to bring characters to life.Research QuestionHow are emotions and internal thought processes expressed through techniques of acting in character animation to shew characters believable and engaging to the a udience?Survey of Literature WorksActing is a very broad dependant, and can be applied to many different genres of acting for stage and camera. Animation has had a comport influence by the techniques and discoveries on how to render a character through movement. This is why To the Actor On the Technique of Acting by Michael Chekhov is an i muckle choice that links straight off to acting. Chekhov is illustriously known for his in-depth acting methods, and has stood as an iconic teacher for famous actors of today. Chekhov take a hops on the methods used to call up emotions, develop characters and strengthen knowingness as an actor. All these things help to develop unique(predicate) Psychological Gestures that he explains in spite of appearance the book, that show the audience what the character is trying to express through body actors line, which is also the key to a characters believability in an animated sequence.To get a much specific understanding of how characters move , and the principles surrounding character animation as an art, The Animators Survival Guide by Richard Williams is an in-depth manual on the style and techniques of hand-drawn animation. Containing the specific principles used by animators to achieve believable movement.Williams has been integrity of the true innovators, and serves as a link between the golden age of animation by hand and new computer animation successes. (Williams, 2001, blurb)Everything in this book relates to the overall aim of producing a character that moves in a believable bureau. Acting relies on these techniques that are shown through drawing methods of chuck by frame animation. By adopting these techniques, animators can be taught to study the variety of the human body to move on understand how to produce successful animated characters.The analysis of how characters display emotion acquires to be taken into vizor throughout this research. Acting for Animators by Ed maulers explains the tried and tes ted methods in acting that reflect personality and feeling within a character. This book takes us through maulers lessons on acting and the suppositious approach behind his techniques. Empathy occurs a lot in this book, answering the guide to create characters with feeling, for the audience to empathise with.Analysis into character movement and acting by expressive style model exit allow the discovery of techniques used in popular film. Acting in Animation A Look at 12 Films is a second book by Ed Hooks, where he analyses twelve different animated films, going through chapter by chapter, describing the expressive and emotive methods used in each scene. Led by these film examples, the techniques discovered through research, can be firmly rein suckd.Theoretical climb for Selecting DataData will be collected, analysed and displayed from a variety of make secondary sources including books, articles, web articles, web blogs and conferences. All data and necessary schooling will b e collected for the purpose of research, but will not all be related to the analysis of animation. Acting technique and method will be the master(prenominal) subject source of research, which will give a broader context to storey opinions, ideas and thoughts discovered in secondary literature sources by other people in the industry. Literature sources jibeing examples of proven practise will be used to further enforce the topic of research.verbal description of Proposed PractiseBy an extended discovery and analysis on the subject of character acting in animation, I plan to produce at least sestet evoke and achievable artefacts that reflect the knowledge gained through this research document, that will provide further understanding about how emotion can allow an audience to empathise with an animated character. The preliminary design practise will include the development of key character poses to accentuate specific emotions directly influenced by an internal thought process. This will then indicate how a character can be developed further into a collection of believable animation sequences. Each artefact plans to contain one of the six basic emotions, as stated by Ed Hooks, happiness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust and sadness (2000, p.36)Characters used will be designed and cheat by a secondary source, which will provide a simple, detention- squander to use marionette for the purpose of animation. Dialogue will not be used, as this may stand as a distr treat from the emotions that are aimed to be expressed through body phrase and facial secernates. These artefacts will provide a clearer understanding of subconscious body movements that are oft overlooked.DiscussionCharacter animation can take many forms within the context of animation in both the traditional sense as well as in modern computer animation.The following principles were developed and named1. Squash and Stretch 2. Timing and Motion 3. Anticipation 4. Staging 5. notice out Through an d Overlapping 6. Straight Ahead Action and Pose-to-Pose 7. Slow In and Out 8. Arcs 9. Exaggeration 10. Secondary Action 11. AppealPersonality in character animation is the goal of all of the above. (John Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44, 214)Lasseter explains that these specific traditional animation principles and techniques developed in the 1930s by Walt Disney Studios should be incorporated into all animated media especially character animation to develop characters look to make them more(prenominal) realistic and entertaining (Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44)Richard Williams explains, The old knowledge applies to any style of approach to the medium no matter what the advances in technology. (2001, p. 20)This shows that successful, believable animation of all types have spawned on the basis and influence of these traditional principles and techniques. Richard Williams also tells us that, in relation to classical and computer animation, Both share the uniform problems of how to give a perf ormance with movement, weight, timing and empathy. (2001, p. 20)This underlines a key point into the advances of technology in animation, demo that 3D animation bundle packages simply act as a technique of animating and not an easier route to influence believable movement.Lasseter explains, To make a characters personality seem real to an audience, he must be different than the other characters on the screen. A simple mood to distinguish the personalities of your characters is through contrast of movement. No deuce characters would do the very(prenominal) action in the same way. (1994)Creating a anomalous character, develops its personality. John Kricfalusi (2006) reminisced of how he got drawn in by Chuck Jones cartoons, noticing the uncommon expressions he drew. Specifically as an example, the way he draws two whites of the eyeball joined together, one bigger than the other to form a D-uh expression.We can see that identity operator is very important when introducing p ersonality to a character, Chekhov (1953, p.83) explains on the subject of characterisation, that particular features indigenous to a character like a typical movement, manner of speech, recurrent ha endorsement, odd way of walking and so on, expresses the finishing touches to a character. Characters become more alive and more human with this small feature. Hooks (2000, p.36) explains, When we speak of creating the illusion of life in animation, it boils see not to mannerisms and naturalistic movement, but to emotion. Hooks continues to state that theoretically speaking, emotion is the prerequisite element of acting as the point of empathy for the audience. Hooks, Empathy is as essential to dynamic acting as oxygen is to water. (2000, p.9)Characters of all descriptions, in an move to make them believable to an audience, need to have a particular personality. The audience needs to be directly affected by a characters on-screen emotion, to genuinely feel a sense of empathy. Witho ut, the audience will lose interest easily and the butts within the storyline can diminish.Hooks (2000, p.41), reflects on Charlie Chaplin as one of the most influential comedians that used a great deal of empathy in his work to touch the audiences emotions. He explains that his innovation as a performer has had a huge influence on the world of comics and animation. As Chuck Jones has said I admire Chaplin very much because you could see him think, and plan, and you cared for him. (Hooks, 2000, p.40)Chaplins unique relationship with the audience has seen a great influence on character animation from the set out of Walt Disneys profession. Dick Huemer (Hooks, 2000, p.40), Disney storyman, tells us Walt had an image of Mickey Mouse as a little Chaplin.In order to successfully accomplish empathy within a character, there needs to be elements of individuality to open fire emotions. These can be developed through simple hap mannerisms that correlate with the characters thoughts and actions. In both respect, the audience needs to be the briny influence when deciding a characters actions.Hooks states humans express six basic emotions, happiness, surprise, fear, anger, disgust and sadness (2000, p.36)He also tells us that there is disagreement on whether facial expression is primarily a verbalism of the inner emotional state, or if it is simply a social display. Hooks concludes that it could be either, depending on the situation. emotion can be expressed through both facial expression and body language, although the influence of each method can be different. Williams (2001, p. 324) believes that words should be kept to a unembellished minimum and as an animator, make everything as clear as affirmable through pantomime using exclusively(prenominal) the body to tell the story. The movements of the body are thought about a lot more by animators than real actors, as animators have to create it rather than do it, although the personal expressive nature of emot ions are identical. Different types of feelings can be expressed easily as Chekhov shows, grasping or catching (greed, avarice, cupidity, miserliness) roughly with palms dour earthward lusts to overpower, to possess. (1953, p.67)Equally, Chekhov (1953, p.73) explains here that in order to build up your characters expressive nature, hand and arms should act first for example hands up close the chin expresses unavoidability and loneliness, palms turned outward displays self-defence and slight brain is evoked when bending the three middle fingers of each hand. Hooks agrees, The integrity is that our hands and arms are the most expressive parts of our bodies. (2000, p.60)An example to this, Hooks demonstrates, Arms folded across the chest indicate that the person is closed, disobedient When you are embarrassed, you tend to shrink in space. (2000, p.62)This reveals that many body language patterns in human figures are fiercenessed through the movement of hands and arms. Willia ms (2001, p. 324) explains a method called Twinning where arms and hands are doing the same thing, symmetrically. He teaches that this is used to show authority by preachers, lead-iners, politicians and so forth. Kevan Shorey agrees that, correspondence is a good way of adding force to an action to get a point across (2008)Both animators, believe that twinning should be crushed up to avoid an exact mirror image of movements that would produce marvelous messages to the audience. Jeff Lew (2004) explains that to make twinning animation look more interesting, the perspective of shot needs to be changed so they dont physically look identical at a particular camera angle.Walt Disney in 1930s found that expression is better when the whole body is involved and not only the cheek, social movement begins in the area of your navel and radiates outwards into your limbs. (Hooks, 2000, p.60)John Kricfalusi (2006) explains that animators have evolved a style that has become more stagy tha n live action by nurture characters emotions through body language and poses. Evidentially, facial expressions arent enough to provoke a meaningful emotion, and that the whole body needs to be articulating through hand gestures and arm movements to compliment facial expressions, to achieve a believable emotion through a character.In an example from Toy Story 2, Hooks notes, She (Jessie) doesnt simply greet Woody enthusiastically, she turns him over and gives him nuggies She tosses him this way and that. Her emotion is leading her to energetically celebrate. (2005, p.90)This is a specific example of how body language is reflecting emotion successfully. If this same bit of acting was acted on the stage, or in front of a camera with real actors it would have a very different outcome. The emotion may be similar, but another way of emphasising actions used in animation is through exaggeration. Shawn Kelly (2009) informs us that he was taught to hyperbolize something more than it shoul d be, then double it. Exaggeration is one of the lord animation principles. Lasseter (1987, pp. 35-44, 214) suggests exaggeration of characters by the animator must be very carefully chosen. If there is too much distortion it could result in an unrealistic look.Looking back much earlier, to 1927, the classic film aurora A Song of Two Humans was released. Without synchronised dialogue, films of this era had to imprecate on the characters acting and the backing compositions as the two main elements for the story. aurora is considered one of the finest films of the silent era, and Janets Gaynors performance is one its greatest virtues Her supple face and soulful eyes convey a range of thoughts and emotions that pages of dialogue could only suggest. (DeFreitas, 2009)Later, DeFreitas (2009) tells us that Sunrise became a winner of the 1929 Best Picture Oscar for grotesque and Artistic Production. This film sets as an evidential example of how acting without dialogue can influence and empathise with an audience just as good, if not more so.Often in animation, Lasseter (1987, pp. 35-44) explains that the eye can easily fragmentise up when the motion of a character seems to die, which can come across as looking particularly fake and unbelievable. To overcome this loss of motion, Lasseter uses a moving hold which is a technique used that continues the motion of a body part after an action. This breaks up the animation and results in a smoother and more believable sequence. Preston Blair (Hooks, 2001, p.60), states that an actor should never pause without a specific reason, and when a pause occurs, it should be shown for long enough so the audience can register it. These are both techniques that engage the audience into what the character is acting out.Before a movement of any sort can occur, thought processes need to become apparent through the character. Hooks outlines, Thinking tends to lead to conclusions emotion tends to lead to action. (2000, p.1)Hooks defi nes a thought process as a method in discovering a conclusion. Lasseter (1994) mentions that every movement of a particular character must exist for a reason, and, ultimately, develop feelings in a character through their thought processes. As an observation, before a human being puts his body into action, a thought process must occur. In animation, this thought process must be shown to the audience to illustrate believability of an action that has just been revealed. To show a thought process in a character, Disney animator/teacher Eric Larson shows a technique, in Frank Thomas and Ollie Johnsons Illusion of Life, The subject gradually move his brows into a frown paused and then lifted one brow and glanced to the side, you now would sense a change from one thought to another (Richard Williams, 2001, p.320)This action was discovered when the first Mickey Mouse shorts were being created, and stands as a key element into how change of expression can reflect a meaningful thought pr ocess. Shawn Kelly (2009) expresses his ideas, explaining that there isnt anything more important than showing a characters thought process and changes which occur within it to provoke emotions and actions. It is down to these thought processes, he concludes, that drives everything we do. Looking at character animation in Toy Story 2, Hooks (2005, p.87) explains how Woodys realisation that Andy has gone to camp without him, leads him to his express sadness (emotion) which then leads him to withdraw to the back shelf, out of sight. He adds that, The more specific the characters thought process, the better the performance. (2005, p.87)Thought process in character animation, as mentioned, is very important for believability. This has been true for many years since the beginning of Disneys Golden Age in animation. Walt Disney said, In most instances, the parkway force behind the action is the mood, the personality, the attitude of the character-or all three. Therefore, the mind is the pilot. We think of things before the body does them. (Lasseter, 1987, pp. 35-44, 214)It is widely agreed that thought process is the main building block that needs to be perfected and shown successfully in any animated character. Bill Tytla (Hooks, 2005, p.3), concluded that the pose is a reception to something. Hooks refers to Aristotle, Aristotle referred to this as a unity of action small actions that lead to a bigger action, or objective. This simple rule lies at the base of all acting theory. An action without a thought is impossible, and action without an objective is just a mechanical thing, moving body parts. (Hooks, 2005, p.4-5)Aristotle finds that the thought process of a character separates a character with life to a robotic, dead machine.As mentioned earlier, Eric Larsons technique of showing a thought process in a character is very believable. But more specifically, it has been discovered that the eyes are the most important parts of the character to express and emp hasis these thoughts. Williams (2001, p.325) advises on how the eyes are the focal point that people watch in a character. As an example, he notes, When listening on the cry the eyes flicker around in a Staccato fashion reflecting the listeners shifting thoughts in reaction our eyes are rarely still. (2001, p.326)The eyes, the driving force behind a characters actions. Kelly agrees that decisions can be reflected successfully with the eyes, They will very often dart their eyes around a bit as they consider and weigh their options. Its almost as if they are reading an imaginary list of possible choices (2009)Lasseter (1987), explains that eyes lead before the action, and that the only time they wouldnt lead, would be if there was an external force acting upon the character. He mentions further, that the trick to showing thought process through the eyes of a character is with anticipation. The eyes should move first, followed by the head and then the rest of the body. The eyes of a c haracter are the windows to its thoughts the characters thoughts are conveyed through the actions of its eyes. (Lasseter, 1987)As well as eye movements, the timing and speed of a characters act involuntarily can also affect the outcome of what is portrayed as a thought process. Kelly (2009), explains that different blinks can offer up our own different perceptions of what the character is thinking. A ton of blinks will feel as though the character is going to cry, is nervous, uncomfortable, shy, or possibly relieve after a big build up while very little to no blinking will either feel dead, stoned worried, angry, or just very intense. (Kelly, 2009)Kelly teaches that blinks should be there for a reason to further enhance a particular emotion. Before an animator can even start to animate a particular thought process, they need to know about the character to be able to understand what they would be feeling at a certain moment, in an onrush to achieve a believable outcome.The most i mportant foundation of believable character acting starts with finding out about a specific character. Williams states, Got to get inside the character. What does he/she/it want? and even more interesting why does the character want it? (2001, p.20)To develop our understanding of what a character is thinking, and in order to provoke emotion in a character, these questions need to be posed. Ed Hooks also explains to us that, Every character in a scene should be able to answer the question. What am I doing? in a theatrical sense. In other words, what action am I playing in pursuit of what objective? And what is the obstructer/conflict? (2005, p.89)Just like this, in the context of acting for an audience, Michael Chekhov suggests to, expect yourself what the main desires of the character might be (1953, p.67)This approach sets the scene for any character in order to discover what the characters personality is trying to portray in what they are thinking or doing. Hooks notes, If y ou want to understand what a character is feeling, it is lift out to start by asking what the character is thinking and what his value system is. (2000, p.2)To understand how a character must move, the animator needs to discover the atmosphere and influence of the obstacle that the character is being confronted with. Only then can a thought process occur, and a feeling be evoked by a specific situation or conflict. Jeff Lew (2004) , expresses his thoughts on the development of a characters bio before acquisition how a character will react in any animated scene. This develops further understanding of a characters background that could be significant in influencing the way their emotions are expressed.This evidence shows us that there are a lot of elements contributing to developing a characters emotional state and to make it believable to the audience. To develop his understanding of a character and what they are thinking, Ed Hooks uses a definition coined by Michael Chekhov called a Psychological Gesture, which, Chekhov explains as the psychology of a character containing thoughts, feelings and a human free will which is expressed physically through external feelings, thoughts and desires. Hooks gives the example, Have you ever noticed someone who wrings his hands a lot while hes public lecture? A Bully punches someone in the chest with his finger. That is a mental gesture. (2000, p.66)A psychological gesture is an internal thought process, manifesting itself into an external action to express an emotion. Chekhov gives an acting example, The qualities which fill and permeate each muscle of the perfect body, will provoke within you feelings of hatred and disgust. (1953, p.64)The above, is very similar to the way animators approach the discovery of a characters psychological gesture by craft up ideas of how thoughts can influence the emotions that are displayed.ConclusionCharacter animation, in both the traditional and computer medium, rely heavily on th e original animation principles that were discovered by Disney Studios. This emphasises how improvements in 3D animated software are used as only as a gibe for the creation of animation, and does not rely on the computer to make things look believable by itself.Analysis has shown that acting techniques in animation are almost identical to stage and film acting. It is the exaggeration of body language and the ability to adapt a character in specific position that sets it apart.It is evident that the emotional state of a character is a direct influence of its thought process. Thought process can be best expressed through body language to enhance an emotion. This research has lead to discover that eye movements are one of the focal points that enhance a characters thought. Emotions need to be manifested into an external, physical body movement, however slight, in order to engage an audience.The conclusion to the discussion has shown that creating empathy as a result of expressing an emotion, is the key element for engaging any audience. A characters believability is successful when an audience can relate to it in some way or another. This can be done by giving a character a personality through mannerisms and specific body language.Bibliography and List of WorksCHEKHOV, M., CALLOW, S To The Actor on the technique of acting, Oxon Routledge, 2002DEFREITAS, J MOVING PICTURES Motion and Emotion in F.W. Murnaus Sunrise, 2009, http//www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2009-0212/article/32219?headline=MOVING-PICTURES-Motion-and-Emotion-in-F.W.-Murnaus-Sunrise-HOOKS, E., BIRD, B Acting for Animators, Portsmouth Heinemann 2000HOOKS, E Acting in Animation A Look at 12 Films, Portsmouth Heinemann 2005KUNDERT- GIBBS, J, Action Lessons for CG Animators, Oxford John Wiley Sons, 2009KRICFALUSI, J Personal Blog, 2006, http//johnkstuff.blogspot.comKELLY, S Animation wise man Blog, 2009, http//www.animationtipsandtricks.comLASSETER, J Principles of Traditional Animation Applied to 3D Computer Animation, Siggraph, 1987, http//www.siggraph.org/ development/materials/HyperGraph/animation/character_animation/principles/prin_trad_anim.htm

Radio And Television Advertising Tourism Essay

receiving set And Television Advertising tourism EssayJamaica is the roughly complete, assorted and uncomparable warm weather termination in the world that delivers the silk hat vacation value available. Jamaica delivers a distinct vacation experience that competitors can non match. (JTB merchandising Presentation to Joint Meeting of get along with 1995) The vibrant stopping point which includes finely and performing arts, literature music and history. Not to mention the exquisite cuisine, the food, cof recompense rum and beer. The warm, hospitable and accomplish pile such(prenominal) as the athletes, entrepreneurs, governmental leaders, artists and educators are the principal(prenominal) factors which enhances tourism information. These factors combined creatively could be use to in an innovative manner during a finishing selling fulfill. finishing merchandise is the process of communicating with potential visitors to influence their destination preference, spir it to affect and ultimately their final destination and merchandise choices. close trade is a major part of the Implementation process it is the articulation and confabulation of the values vision and competitive attributes of the destination. The actions implemented in the destination selling phase should be uncertain should be under(a)pinned by the findings of the Destination protrudening, process and the subsequent Destination suppuration activities. (Destination trade Sustainable Tourism)Marketing strategies are designed as the vehicle to achieve merchandising objectives.. (Phillip Kotler, p. 690)The Jamaica tourer poster is to ensure Brand Jamaica destination is managed and marketplaceed effectively. Marketing tools or techniques get out countenance to be implemented. Tools or Techniques that Jamaica Tourist Board could use areRadio and Television AdvertisingThis technique is uncouthly used near art places. It creates awareness to a greater extent promptly w hen compared to news papers on a daily basis. First you must place your audience, implement creativity and rum style that pull up stakes grab and attract the audience attention. Even though its cost effective, the furtherment must be able to convince stack and they will relate to what is being advertised. At the end of the day, in that respect should be some reward and profitability deriving from this tool.SWOT ANALYSIS wireless TELEVISIONStrength constrains awareness to a wide audience on a daily basisWeaknesses actually(prenominal) ExpensiveNot unique and has no styleOpportunitiesDevelop TourismGrab peoples attention rapidlyThreatPeople getting the wrong messageMessage not clear and concisePrint AdvertisingDigital Printing is a very effective as well as a common marketing tool. Sometimes persons dont beat time to watch television overdue to the increasing changes in their lifestyle on a daily basis. Brochures, bank note Boards and other innovative ideas can be used. Al though this could be expensive, installing explanation Boards in a few countries and placing brochures at travel agencies, airports and other designated areas that will educate and inform persons will be an asset to assist in utilizing this marketing tool.SWOT ANALYSIS PRINT ADVERTISINGStrength promissory note Boards and brochures can be placed all over the worldWeaknessesVery ExpensiveMight not reach to the audience targetedOpportunityCreate awareness and interest of the destinationThreatNatural disasters such as hurricane can damage bill boardsBrandingBranding is perhaps the most powerful marketing tool available to destination marketers confronted by product similarity where tourism products appear equal or lack differentiations to consumer and competitions. nowadays many destinations can offer five-star resorts, hotels and attractions, claim a unique culture and inheritance and describe themselves as having the friendliest people and the most customer-focused tourism industry. Therefore, at that place is a critical need for destinations to create a unique individuality and to differentiate themselves from their competitors. (TO 490, Destination Marketing)SWOT ANALYSIS BRANDINGStrengthsJamaicas greatest skill is its name Brand JamaicaJamaica has a very diverse culture, warm hospitality, attractionsWeaknessesPersons such as our athletes and other celebrities must represent and importanttain creativity and singularity of the brand.Opportunities discipline of the Tourism SectorInvestmentsThreatsCompetitionHigh Crime evaluateSocial MediaSocial Media has become very controlling in our lives today. It is very user friendly and it does send your messages in one way or the other.Travelers today who are very skeptic and they also crave learning and feedback as it relates to booking a vacation. Most travelers utilize social media for travel packages, booking vacation online, quiz social networks for eg. Facebook etc to obtain feedbacks and ideas. Social med ia marketing is inexpensive to travelers and the destination. It is also a good business sense, where the leaders who are responsible for managing the marketing tools, could implement a website that will showcase and advertise the destination, thus making it more simple and easy for visitors who are arouse in booking their vacation.SWOT ANALYSIS SOCIAL MEDIAStrengthsExcellent for customers conferenceDaily UpdatesFeedbacksWeaknessesWebsites pops up and fades awayPeople writing bad commentsOpportunities walloping advertisingMaking marketing more efficient.ThreatsNot able to target the right audienceFearing the unknownKeeping up with the latest trends in social mediaSpecial EventsJamaica has a very rich cultural heritage which is covered by the love of sports, music, food and other types of entertainment.Reggae music is dominant in Jamaica as well as most countries in the world. give thanks to Bob Marley for putting us on the Map. Not to mention our Athletes who have represented us on the local and international scene and proceed to do great things.Therefore, hosting sporting events will bring investors and tourist to our destination and this will develop the infrastructural aspect of the country.Entertainment Events such as institutionalise Jamaica Jazz and Blues, Reggae Sumfest, just to name a few, have accounted for most of the expediency of tourists to our shores.Putting on more shows like these will definitely abide to boost Jamaica worldwide.SWOT ANALYSIS SPECIAL EVENTSStrengthsDevelop Tourism maturation Revenue for the countryInfrastructural DevelopmentWeaknessesCrowded SituationsInsufficient AirliftsOpportunitiesSports TourismDevelopment of emerging marketsThreatsNatural DisasterCrime and ViolenceTourism Marketing PlanMarketing is a social and managerial process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with others. Marketing is more selling than advertising. The aim is happe n upon customers needs and to meet those needs so well that the product almost sells itself. (www.tourismcenter.msu.edu/publications)A Tourism Marketing Plan is responsible for the guidance of the marketing decisions made. These include assigning tasks, choosing markets and generating funds to promote the destination. It assists in enticing potential visitors to the destination.In order to gain triumph there are certain information that must be describe about the destination.Therefore should be specific information about the people who travel to your destination and what they desire during stay.It also set the standard and provides center for all marketing activities for any destination which includes market research, brand festering and management, advertising and promoting, gross revenue, distribution and cooperative marketing opportunities.Three processes involved in such a plan areAnalysisThe first pointedness in ontogenesis a market plan is analyzing the market. It is impo rtant that you find out the market. The resources needed, competitors involved and the structure of the business environment.The analysis sets the foundation for developing slipway or strategies to detect threats, challenges, barriers, opportunities and competitions.StrategyThis step which is the second stage assists in the decision making and choices in market segmentation, targeting the sectors and audience and planning the do of your product.Below is a list of steps to consider in developing a marketing strategy.Build Critical MassIncrease consumer conveyLeverage the supply chainMotivate businesses to become certified moderate health, safety, and quality standards into green certification programsUnderstand international trade agreements to block conflictsPromote a global accreditation body (Practical steps for Marketing Tourism)Marketing MixThe last stage is determining the general set of activities of the marketing plan. This includes determining the Marketing Mix or the or the 4Ps Product, Pricing, Promotion and system. (Practical Steps for Marketing Tourism)Product This involves the management and marketing of the product.Price Setting a price and marketing the cost for the product and services is important.Promotion This includes advertising, sales promotion, publicizing the destination and ensuring the word is spread across effectively and efficiently.Placement Placement is the channels or means by which the destination is marketed. international Players assisting Jamaica Tourist BoardThe Jamaica Tourist Board (JTB) is an agency of the Minister of Tourism. As a result it is affiliated with a number of other agencies under the Ministry, for example the Tourist Product Development Company (TPDCO) and the Tourism sweetening Fund (TEF). The JTB also work closely with other organizations such as The Jamaica Hotel and Tourist Association (JHTA) and Jamaica batch Invest (JTI) in the marketing of the Destination Jamaica. (www.jtbonline.org)In order f or a sustainable tourism in Jamaica, there are outdoor(a) organizations that could assist the Jamaica Tourist Board with their responsibilities.Ministry of Tourism (MOT)The main responsibility for the Ministry of Tourism is to develop policies that will aid to the needs within the Portfolio areas. Excess emphasis is placed on getting the all the stakeholders involved, including the semiprivate sector.As it relates to Tourism the Ministry aims toDevelop policies and pilot legislation which facilitates sustainable training of the tourism product and investment in the industry as a whole.Develop policies and pilot legislation which would ensure the maximization of the social and scotch benefits of tourism for the Jamaica People. (www.jtbonline.org)Tourism Product Development (TPDCO)The Tourism Product Development Company Limited is responsible for developing and improving the Jamaicas Tourism Product.Its main responsibilities areReturning the national budget to a surplus fructify Implementing innovative ideas and plans in order to improve the resort areasSeek to identify areas with potential that could be developed and enhance Jamaicas Tourism Product, develop strategies to and market the destination by reducing the level of competition, thus making the destination more marketable.Ensuring co-operation from all parties involved to protect the culture, architectural sites, wider environment and sparing contributions.Tourism sweetener Fund (TEF)The Tourism Enhancement Fund Act, 2004 was passed by Parliament in December 2004. This act provides the legal basis for the Ministry of Tourism to establish a mechanism for the collection of a small fee from incoming airline and cruise passengers.Specifically, the Act allows forA Tourism Enhancement Fee of US$10.00 to be charged to incoming airline passengers and US$2.00 to be charged to Cruise Passengers.The monies collected are paid into a dedicated Tourism Enhancement Fund.The Fund was established on may 1, 2005 fo r the sole purpose of implementing the recommendations emanating from the Master Plan for Sustainable Tourism Development, 2002. (www.jtbonline.org)The scotch significances the Tourism Enhancement Fund provides areAssists in promoting growth and phylogenyEnhancing the visitors experienceMakes provision for a sustainable developmentEncouraging a better environmental managementThe Fund is managed by a Board of thirteen Directors who are experienced in matters relating to Toutism and Finance. (www.jtbonline.org)Jamaica Trade Invest (JTI)Jamaica Trade Invest guides the economic and financial development of Jamaica. Their job is to implement programmes and policies that will assist them in the development of plans.In order to achieve this canon JTI provides a wide range of services, which includes conducting research on national development issues and the provision of technical support to the cabinet. JTI also undertakes consultancy activities for government entities manage external c ooperation agreements and interfaces with funding agencies, while maintaining national socio-economic library. (www.jtbonline.org)Jamaica Hotel and Tourist Association(JHTA)Established in 1961, the Jamaica Hotel Tourist Association is the Organisation, which represents hotels, other visitor accommodations as well as the most suppliers of goods and services to the Tourism Industry.The main aim is to promote the development of Jamaicas hospitality industry and to represent the interests of its members in all flora, locally, regionally and internationally. (www.jtbonline.org)References

The Great Depression in the United States Essay -- essays research pap

The fall in States? DownfallScreams, tears, and cries for help were all part of the Statess downfall. From 1929 through 1941 there was only(prenominal) one thing that was plentiful, sorrow. During this time the United States was faced with another obstacle. It changed America in some ways. One hard struggle lead to the next. The posterior horizontalts all started with the crash of the stock market. This period croupe only be explained by its name. So, the stock market crash in the United States caused businesses to close, banks to fall, and many plenty to make up unemployed, causing this twelve-year period of suffering to become drive in as ?The smashing Depression?.As stated by Nelson Cary in his overview of the Great Depression, ?the core of the problem was the massive disparity between the republic?s productive capacity and the ability of people to consume?. at that place were more introductions of new items in the United States than before, during, or afte r founding War I. The Government had tremendous debt from this war. The economy suffered greatly during this time because of the immense deficits left from the war. The farmers and the wage earners received printed money that processually had no admittedly value. The overproduction made the lower class, such as farmers and trade smiths, become part of the higher class. Therefore there was not a residue between lower and higher, thus making the market tip. The bottom boundary was that paper money at that time had no real value. So, even if you had money, people would not take it because there was not a counterpoise for the banks to stand on. Most people then were categorized to be in the lower class. So now, once again there was not a balance between lower and higher class.All people experience suffering. ?Broth... ...bout 800,000 people left Arkansas, Texas, Missouri, and Oklahoma. The government then abandoned the AAA act when the tax on food processors was ruled to be unconstitutional. As you can see, the United States of America has changed greatly since the Great Depression. Our idea of what we need and what is brusk has changed greatly since this period. This twelve year time period shows how things can change, and how people can adapt to economic crisis when they are forced to. Without our fall, other countries whitethorn have experienced this. So, this period of American history still serves as a lesson today. As quoted by many people, ?If we do not know our history, we are destined to repeat it?. In conclusion, you can see the Great Depression caused great calamity and sorrow, but in the end, it was one of the outmatch learning experiences the United States has ever seen.

Personal Narrative: I have seen Elvis Presley :: Celebrity Actor Acting Performing Musician

I Have Seen ElvisWhile whimsical down the expressway late last Saturday night I apothegm the strangest thing. There on the side of the road was an old broken-down sombre Cadillac. As I passed, thats when I saw it. Out of the corner of my philia it was him. There stood Elvis Presley, the King, kicking at the flattened tire of his decay out Cadillac. I support it was him. He had the side-burns, the wonderfully slicked back end hair, and honourable as he went out of sight I swear he was doing that lip thing. As I think back on that night I wonder to myself if it was really him or if I retri exactlyive really wanted it to be. To me he is a symbol of both a lifestyle and a generation. Even though he supposedly died a month before I was born, his image and his likeness has so much meaning for me. Was it his greasy hair, the rebellious sexuality of his gyrating hips or just that unyielding look in his eye? All these years I lease never really known how my obsession with him came about. Now that I am in college I am beginning to question how this man of comparatively little talent became such a hero to me and such a legend of American pop-culture?I guess for me, I am just infatuated with his image. You could say Im sold on it. Elvis was everything I pick out always wanted to be. He was a rebellious loner and also incredibly popular. Elvis was always carrying around a pretty guitar but it is rumored he could barely play three cords on it. Presley was so phenomenally talented that even after dead for more than cardinal years, he is still making more money than the average nasty working American. He was a poor southern boy who was make and constructed into American royalty. It is for these reasons that I hold a special place in my heart for Elvis. It is also for these reasons that I will from now on respectfully refer to him as, The King.The King is the result of the manipulation and the marketing of the American in the public eye(predicate) through the use of the mass media. The first weapon used to grade the wallets of the American people was the record. Rock n Roll, a rebellious new fit that was immediately embraced by the young teen-agers of the fifties was a great play point in our American society.